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¦ò±Ð»P¦è¤èÀô¹ÒÛ²z¾Ç¤§¾ãÅé½×ªº¹ï¤ñ ¡X¡X¥H²`¼h¥ÍºA¾Ç¬°¨Ò µ{¶iµoÀR©y¤j¾Ç¤H¤å¾Ç¬ìÝ¥ôÁ¿®v ºKn¡G ·í¦³Û²z¾Ç®a©IÆ~§ÚÌ¥²¶·n¹ï«D¤HÃþÓÅé¥Í©Rt°_¹D¼w³d¥ô®É¡A¥L̩άO±q§@¬°¤@ÓÓÅ骺¹D¼w¦a¦ì¤§§P·ÇªºÃÒ¦¨µÛ¤â¡F¦b¥t¤@¤è±¤]¦³¤H¥D±i¤H»PÀô¹Ò¥H¤Î¨ä¤¤ªº¥Íª«»P«D¥Íª«©Ò§Î¦¨ªº¤@Ó¾ã¥þªºÀô¹Ò¾ãÅé¬O§ó°ò¥»¥B§ó¨ãÀu¦ì¡A¾ãÅé½×ªÌ¬O¦p¦óÃÒ©ú³oºØ¾ãÅ骺·N¸q©O¡H¨äÛ²z¾Ç¤º®e¦p¦ó¡H¥»¤å³Ìªìªººc·Q¬On¹ï¤ñ¦ò±Ð»P²`¼h¥ÍºA¾Ç§@¬°Àô¹Ò¾ãÅé½×ªº®t²§¡C¦Ó¶i¦æªº¨BÆJ¬O¥ý¤¶²Ð¤TºØÀô¹Ò¾ãÅé½×¡A¦A¤À§O»¡©ú²`¼h¥ÍºA¾Ç¾ãÅé½×¬O¥H¡u¥ÍºA¤j§Ú¡v¨Óªí¹F¤H»P¦ÛµMªº¾ãÅéÃö«Y¤§¶ê²{ªº¹Ï¹³¡A¦Ó¦ò±Ð«h¥i¥H»¡¬O¥H¤@ºØµL°õªºÀô¹Ò¾ãÅé½×¨Óªí¹F¡C³Ì«á¥»¤å±q«äºû¤èªk¡B¤H©Ê¡B¦ÛµM¡BÅܤƵ¥Æ[©À§@¹ï¤ñ¡A¦b¥YÅã¥X¨âªÌªº¤£¦P¤§³B¥ç¬Ý¥X¦ò±Ð§@¬°¤@ºØ®í²§ªºÀô¹Ò¾ãÅé½×ªº¥i¯à¡C ÃöÁä¦r¡GÀô¹ÒÛ²z¾Ç¡B¾ãÅé½×¡B²`¼h¥ÍºA¾Ç¡B¦ò±ÐÀô¹ÒÛ²z¾Ç Compare the Holism of Buddhist Environmental Ethics with the West: Take Deep Ecology as an Example Cherng, Ching-FaLecturer at Providence University ABSTRACT: Some ethicists contend that human have moral responsibility to non-human beings. While some position may be adequate as a criterion for a moral status, holism emphasizing by the interplay among environment, human and non-humans.Could be the later make their case¡HWhat are the contents of environmental holism¡HThis article studies what are the differences between Buddhism and Deep ecology as environmental holism. First, I would introduce three kinds of holism. Secondly, the views of Buddhism and deep ecology on environmental holism would be briefly introduced. It can be said that¡©Ecological Self¡ªis the character of Deep ecology, while Buddhism achieve its target through ¡©non-attachment¡ª.Last, four important concepts, namely, thinking method, human nature, nature, and change as the theme. In contrasting with deep ecology, we find a possible distinctive interpretation of environmental holism of Buddhism. Key words: environmental ethics, holism, deep ecology, Buddhist environmental ethics ¤@¡B«e¨¥ ±q¦è¤èÀô¹ÒÛ²z¾Çµo®i«ä¼éªº¯ßµ¸¤¤¡A§ÚÌ¥i¥H²M·¡¦a¬Ý¨ì¦³³\¦hÀô¹Òõ¾Ç®a¦³¤@ºØ¶i¸ô¬O±qªF¤èõ¾Ç¤¤µo±¸Àô¹ÒÛ²zªºõ¾Ç®Ú¾Ú¡Bì«h©Î¬}¨£ªÌ¡A¦p¡Gù´µ¹y¡]H. Rolston III¡^¤§¡u¦ÛµM»ùȽסv¡B¯Ç´µ¡]Naess, A.¡^¤§¡u²`¼h¥ÍºA¾Ç¡v»P¡u¤g¦aÛ²zªºÅGÅ@ªÌ¡v¬_¿¼w[1]¡]Callicott, J. 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A¡^¹ï¡u¹D¼w¦a¦ì¡v¡]moral status¡^ªº¡u¦h«§P·Çì«h¡v¡]multi-criteria¡^ªº½×z¡A´N±NÓÅé¥Í©Rªº¡u¥»¦³©Ê½è¡v»P¨ä¬ÛÃöªº¡uÃö«Y©Ê½è¡v§@¾ã¦X¬[ºc¡A¨Ã¥H¤§§@¬°¬É©w¬O§_¨ã¦³¹D¼w¦a¦ìªº§P·Ç¡A¦¹¤CÓì«h¬O¡G´L«¥Í©R¡B¤Ï´Ý¼É¡B¯à°ÊªÌªºÅv§Q¡B¤HÅv¡B¥ÍºA¾Çªº¡B¸óª«ºØªº»P´L«¤§¶Ç»¼ì«hµ¥¡C[34]¦h¤¸½×¦¡ªº¬[ºcÅý§Ú̸û¦³®Ä¦a²æÂ÷Àô¹ÒÛ²z¾Ç¤¤ÓÅé»P¾ãÅ餧¶¡ªºª§Ä³¡A²`¼h¥ÍºA¾Ç»P¦ò±ÐÀô¹ÒÛ²zÅãµM¨ã¨¬¦¹ºØ¥i¯à©Ê¡C¥»¤åªºªíz¤£°÷ºë½T¡A©Îl¦ù¥X§ó¦hªºÃøÃD¡A¨º¤£¬O¯Ç´µ»P¦ò±ÐÀô¹Ò¾ãÅé½×²VÂø¦a¡A·Qn·§¬A§]¤UÃøÃD³y¦¨ªºµ²ªG¡C°£¤F¤Wzªº¬Û¦PÂI¤§¥~¡A¥LÌ´XºÉ¬Û¦Pªºªìµo¤ß»P¹ªÀyµ½¥Î¤è«Kªkªù¤´¤ä«ù§Ú̦b²z½×©M¹ê½î¦V«×Ä~Äò²`¯Ñ¡C °Ñ¦Ò®Ñ¥Ø¡]¤¤¡B^¤å®Ñ¥Ø¡B°Ñ¦Ò½×¤å¡^ 1. Eric Katz¡]etc.¡^¡]Editors¡^,Beneath the Surface-Critical Essays in the Philosophy of Deep Ecology¡]The MIT Press,2000¡^¡]A State of Mind Like Water¡GEcosophy T and the Buddhist Tradition¡^pp.253-267 2. J. Baird Callicott,Earth Insight-A Survey of Ecological Ethics from the Mediterranean Basin to the Australian Outback¡]University of California Press, 1997¡^ 3. Don E Marietta,Jr.,For people and the planet: Holism and humanism in environmental ethics¡]Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995¡^ 4. Cooper,D.E.¡®Palmer, J. A.¡]Editors¡^, Spirit of the Environment-Religion, Value and Environmental Concern ¡]London:Routledge, 1998¡^ 5. Padmasiri de Silva, Environmental Philosophy and Ethics in Buddhism¡]London: Macmillan Press Ltd., 1998¡^ 6. Alan Drengson ¡® Yuichi Inoue,The Deep Ecology Movement-An Introduction Anthology¡]California: North Atlantic Books, 1995¡^ 7. Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac and sketches here and there¡]Oxford University Press, 1987¡^ 8. Botzler Richard G .and Armstrang Susan J, Environmental Ethics-Divergence and Convergence¡]McGraw-Hill,1998¡^ 9. Holmes Rolston¢», Environmental Ethic: Duties to and Value in the Natural World¡]Temple University Press,1988¡^ 10. Mary Anne Warren, Moral Status: Obligations to Persons and Other Living Things ¡]Oxford University Press Inc.1997¡^ ¤¤¤å®Ñ¥Ø¡B°Ñ¦Ò½×¤å 1. ³Å°¶¾±¡m¹D¤¸¡nªF¤j¹Ï®Ñ¡A¥Á85¦~4¤ë 2. ÄÀ¬L¼z¡]µÛ¡^¡m¦ò±ÐÛ²z¾Ç¡nªk¬É¥Xª©ªÀ¡A90¦~8¤ë 3. ÄÀ«í²M¡]µÛ¡^¡m¦ò©Ê«ä·Q¡nªF¤j¹Ï®Ñ¡A86¦~2¤ë 4. ¤Ñ¿ËµÐÂijy¡B¯u¿Í¤TÂÃĶ¡m¦ò©Ê½×¡n¡]¥x¥_·s¤åÂ×¥Xª©¡A¥Á69¦~¤¸¤ë 5. ¡mõ¾ÇÂø»x¡n30´Á¡G¡qÀô¹Ò¡E©v±Ð¡EÛ²z¡r¥x¥_·~±j¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1999¦~10¤ë 6. ¡m¦ò±Ð»PªÀ·|ÃöÃh¾Ç³N¬ã°Q·|½×¤å¶°¡n²{¥N¦ò±Ð·|¡E¤¤µØ¦ò±Ð¦Ê¬ì¤åÄm°òª÷·|¡A84¦~2¤ë 7. ¿½®¶¨¹¡q¦ò±ÐÛ²z¾Ç¡G»ùÈ»P·N¸q¤§¶¡ªºÛ²z¦V«×¡r²{¥N¦ò±Ð¾Ç·|¡E¦ò±Ð¬ã¨sªº¶Ç©Ó»P³Ð·s¾Ç³N¬ã°Q·|¡E»O¥_¡A2002¦~3¤ë
* ÀR©y¤j¾Ç¤H¤å¾Ç¬ìÝ¥ôÁ¿®v¡C [1] °ê¤º¦³¤£¦PĶ¦W¡A¥»¤å±Ä¥Ñ¨ä¥xÆW¤Í¤H¬°¥L©Ò¨úªº¤¤¤å¦W¦r¡C°Ñ¨£¡Ghttp://forum.yam.org.tw/women/backinfo/recreation/green/ecolg11.htm [2] ªL´Â¦¨¡q¤ß²b«h°ê¤g²b¡X¡XÃö©ó¦ò±Ð¥ÍºAÆ[ªº«ä¦Ò»P¬D¾Ô¡r¡]¦ò±Ð»PªÀ·|ÃöÃh¾Ç³N¬ã°Q·|½×¤å¶°¡^ [3] ²ø¼y«H¡q©v±ÐÛ²z»PÀô«OÛ²z¡X¡X°ò·þ©v±Ð»P¦ò±Ðªº¹ï¸Ü¡r¡]õ¾Ç»P¤å¤Æ,1998.6¡^ [4] ·¨´f«n¡q«H¥õ»P¤g¦a¡X¡X«Ø¥ß½t°_©ÊªÅªº¦ò±Ð²`¼h¥ÍºA¾Ç¡r¡]¤H¶¡¦ò±Ð»P·í¥N¹ï¸Ü¡X¡X²Ä¤T©¡¦L¶¶¾É®v«ä·Q¤§²z½×»P¹ê½î¾Ç³N¬ã°Q·|¡^ ¡q±q¡u¹Ò¸Ñ²æ¡v¨ì¡u¤ß¸Ñ²æ¡v¡X¡X«Ø¥ß¤ß¹Ò¥µ¥ªº¦ò±Ð¥ÍºA¾Ç¡r¡]¦ò±Ð»PªÀ·|ÃöÃh¾Ç³N¬ã°Q·|½×¤å¶°¡^ [5] ÄÀ¬L¼z¡q¦òªk»P¥ÍºAõ¾Ç¡r¡]¡m¦ò±ÐÛ²z¾Ç¡n²Ä¤³¹²Ä¤G¸`¡^ [6] Don E Marietta, Jr. ,For people and the planet :Holism and humanism in environmental ethics¤@®Ñ¡C [7] Aldo Leopold¡AA Sand County Almanac and sketches here and there¡]Oxford University Press,1987¡^, pp.224¡ã225. [8] ¦Pµù6, pp.52¡ã54. [9] ¦P¤Wpp.55¡ã59. [10] Worster,D.¡ANatureš Econology-A History of Ecological Ideas, ¡]Cambridge University Press,1994¡^, pp.205¡ã220.
[11] ¦P¤Wp.60. [12] ¦P¤Wp.193. [13] ¦P¤Wp.198. [14] ¦P¤Wp.210. [15] Naess, A¡qThe Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement:A Summary¡r, ed. In The Deep Ecology Movement-An Introduction Anthology, pp.3¡ã9. [16] Naess, A¡qThe Deep Ecological Movement: Some Philosophical Perspectives¡r, ed. in Ed. in Botzler Richard G. and Armstrang Susan J. Environmental Ethics-Divergence and Convergence. p445. [17] ¦Pµù6, pp.34¡ã36. [18] ¦Pµù16, p.446. [19] Deane Curtin¡qA State of Mind Like Water: Ecosophy T and the Buddhism Tradition¡rin Eric Katz¡]etc.¡^¡]Editors¡^¡ABeneath the Surface-Critical Essays in the Philosophy of Deep Ecology¡]The MIT Press,2000¡^, p.254. [20] ¦P¤Wp.264.
[21] Padmasiri de Silva¡AEnvironmental Philosophy and Ethics in Buddhism¡]London¡GMacmillan Press Ltd.,1998¡^, p.117. [22] Lily de Silva¡qThe Buddhist Attitude toward Nature¡r¿è©ó¦Pµù15, pp.284¡ã290.
[23] J. Baird Callicott¡AEarth Insight-A Survey of Ecological Ethics from the Mediterranean Basin to the Australian Outback¡]University of California Press,1997¡^, p.98. [24] ¤Ñ¿ËµÐÂijy¡B¯u¿Í¤TÂÃĶ¡m¦ò©Ê½×¡n¡]¥x¥_·s¤åÂ×¥Xª©¡A¥Á69¦~¤¸¤ë¡^¶¤@¡C [25] ÄÀ«í²M¡m¦ò©Ê«ä·Q¡n¡]¥x¥_ªF¤j¹Ï®Ñ¡A86¦~2¤ë¡^pp.252¡ã283¡C [26] ¤Þ¦Û¦È©v¤T¡m¥|¦]»¡ºtÁ¿¿ý¡n¡]¥x¥_ÃZ´ò¥Xª©ªÀ¡A86¦~3¤ë¡^p.231¡C [27] ¦Pµù23, pp.63¡ã64. [28] ÄÀ¬L¼z¡m¦ò±ÐÛ²z¾Ç¡n¡]¥x¥_ªk¬É¥Xª©ªÀ¡A90¦~8¤ë¡^pp.65¡ã86¡C [29] ·¨´f«n¡q±q¡u¹Ò¸Ñ²æ¡v¨ì¡u¤ß¸Ñ²æ¡v¡X¡X«Ø¥ß¤ß¹Ò¥µ¥ªº¦ò±Ð¥ÍºA¾Ç¡rpp.198¡ã199¡C [30] B. DEvall¡®G. Sessions¡ADeep Ecology¡]Gibbs Smith Publishers, 1985¡^p.238.¤Þ¦Û¦óÃh§» ¥D½s¡m¥ÍºA۾ǡX¡Xºë¯«¸ê·½»Põ¾Ç°ò¦¡n¡]ªe¥_¤j¾Ç¥Xª©ªÀ¡A2002¦~5¤ë¡^p.514¡C [31] ³Å°¶¾±¡m¹D¤¸¡n¡]ªF¤j¹Ï®Ñ¡A¥Á85¦~4¤ë¡^pp.100¡ã103¡C [32] Deane Curtin¡qA State of Mind Like Water: Ecosophy T and the Buddhism Tradition¡rin Eric Katz¡]etc.¡^¡]Editors¡^¡ABeneath the Surface-Critical Essays in the Philosophy of Deep Ecology¡]The MIT Press,2000¡^, pp.254¡ã265.
[33] Holmes Rolston¢», Environmental Ethic¡GDuties to and Value in the Natural World ¡]TempleUniversity Press,1988¡^, p.69. [34] Mary Anne Warren¡AMoral Status¡GObligations to Persons and Other Living Things ¡]Oxford University Press Inc.1997¡^, pp.148¡ã170.
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