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The Moral Issues of Zoo Existence

Peng, Shawn

Doctoral Candidate, Veterinarian Medicine, National Taiwan University

ABSTRACT:

Zoos have been existed for more than 200 years; utilization of captive wildlife history however was much longer.  Except recreation enjoyment, conservation, education and research function are mostly use as existential defense by zoos.  Before our further examination toward those so called ¡§zoo functions¡¨, modern zoos are now facing great challenges of low standard animal welfare internationally and conservation debate of taking animals from wild, in order to maintain the quality of exhibition.  This essay aim using varies scientific approach to determine whether or not zoos are defensible.  Results from survey of zoo management bottleneck indicate unless equally captive environment could be managed the same with wild habitat for animals in the future, zoos are not morally defensible.  While if we tend to approach this question from environmental ethics point of view, that the only reason to allowed having zoo is to enhance conservation efforts through public education.

Key Words: zoo, conservation, education, moral, environmental ethics

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1.±q®Ä¯q¥D¸q¡]Utilitarianism¡^ªºÆ[ÂI¡A°Êª«¶éªº¦s¼o¹ï©ó©Ò¦³¥i¯à¼vÅT¨ìªº­ÓÅéµ{«×¤Î¼Æ¶qµL±q¦ô­p¡]¦¹Æ[ÂI©µÄòPeter Singerªº«äºû¡G¨C¤@­Ó­ÓÅé³£À³¸Ó³Q¥­µ¥¦Ò¶q¡A·íµM°£¤F°Êª«ªºÅv¯q¡A¤]À³¸Ó¦Ò¼{¥H°Êª«¶éºû¥Íªº¤u§@ªÌ¡^¡C

2.±qÅv§Q¡]Right¡^ªºÆ[ÂI¡A¨C¤@­Ó­ÓÅé³£¦³¿W¥ßªº»ù­È¡A°£«D³Q°Êª«¶éÃö°_¨Ó¬O¸Ó­ÓÅé³Ì¡u¦n¡vªº¿ï¾Ü¡A­Y³QÃö°_¨Ó¥t¦³¨ä¥L¥Øªº¡A«h°Êª«¶é°é¾i³¥¥Í°Êª««KµLªkÃÒ¦¨¡]»PJamieson ¦b1995¦~ªº¤@¥y¦Ü²z¦W¨¥¬Ûªñ¡G°Êª«¶é¬Oµ¹¤Hªº¡A¤£¬Oµ¹°Êª«ªº¡^¡C

3.±q¾ãÅéÆ[¡]Holism¡^ªºÆ[ÂI¡A¾ã­Ó¸sÅ骺¦h¼Ë©Ê¡B¥ÃÄò©Ê¤Î©M¿Ó¤~¬O°ß¤@­n¦Ò¼{ªº¡A»P­ÓÅéÅv§Q¬O§_³Q­é¹ÜµLÃö¡A³o¤]¬O±j½Õ¾ãÅéÆ[ªºÀô¹Ò¥Íª«¾Ç¬ì¡A¦p¥ÍºA¾Ç¡B«O¨|¾Çªº¾ÇªÌ»P°Êª«Åv¤H¤h·N¨£¬Û¥ªªº­ì¦]¡C¡]Regan¦b¸Ó¤å¤S¯S§OÁ|¾ãÅéÆ[ªº¤@­Ó¨Ò¤l¡G­Y±þ¬Y¤@°Ï°ìÁc´Þ¹L¦hªº¡u³À¡v¬O¬°¤F«OÅ@¥ÍºA¨t¥­¿Å¡A¦ý«o¤£¥h±þ¹ï¾ã­Ó¥ÍºA¨t¦M®`§ó¤jªº¡u¤HÃþ¡v¡A³o¦b¾ãÅéÆ[ªº²z½×ÅãµM¦³¥Ù¬Þ¡C¡^­õ¾Ç®aªkµÜ¡]Frederick Fene, 1996¡^¤]»¡¡G¡u¥ô¦ó¥i¥HÅý§Ú­Ì°£·À¹L¦h¤H¤fªº§@ªk¡A¦b¹D¼w¤W¬O¹ïªº¡A§_«h´N¬O¿ùªº¢w¢w¦pªG§Ú­Ì¥H¤g¦a­Û²z§@¬°¤HÃþ¤å¤Æªº·Ç«h®É¡A¥²©w·|¾É­Pªk¦è´µ¥D¸qªº¦A²{¡A§â­Ó¤H²T¨S¦b¶°Å骺¡BºØ±Úªº¡B³¡¸¨©Î°ê®aªººaÄ£¤§¤U¡C¡v°ò¥»¤WRegan»{¬°¾ãÅéÆ[¨Ã¤£¾A¦X¥Î¦b¹D¼w¤WªºÃÒ¦¨¡A¦]¦¹§@¬°°Êª«¶é¯à§_¦X²z¤Æªº¨Ì¾Ú¥ç¤£¬¢·í¡C

Holmes Rolston III¦b°Êª«­Û²z·§©ÀªºÆ[ÂI¬O¥H¡u¥¿½T¡]right¡^¹ï«Ý°Êª«ªº¦æ¬°¡v¨Ó¨ú¥N°Êª«¡uÅv§Q¡]right¡^¡vªºÆ[©À¡C³o»PSinger­«µøªº¬O¤H©M°Êª«¦b¹D¼w¤WÀ³¸ÓÀò±oªº«O»Ù»P¡u¥­µ¥¡v¡A¦Ó«D°Êª«¬O§_¦³¡uÅv§Q¡vªº­õ¾Ç¿ëÃÒ¬Ûªñ¡Cµ§ªÌ¥ç»{¬°¡A°Êª«¶éªº¦s¦b¯à§_¦b¡u¹D¼w¡v¤W¦X²z¤Æ¡A©Î³\¥i¥H±q¤ñ¸û°é¾iªº³¥¥Í°Êª«¬O§_¸ò³¥¥~ªº³¥¥Í°Êª«¨É¦³¡u¥­µ¥¡vªº«Ý¹J¤Á¤J¡C­Õ­Y¡A°Êª«¶é¥¼¨Ó¯à´£¨Ñ°é¾iªº°Êª«¤@­Ó»P¦ÛµM¬Ûµ¥ªºÀô¹Ò¡]³o¥i¯à¥]§tªÅ¶¡¡B¦æ°Ê»PÂy­¹¦Û¥Ñ¡B¬Æ¦Ü¬O³Q®·­¹ªº­·ÀIµ¥¡^¡A«h¦ü¥G°Êª«¶éªº¦s¦b«K¦³¹D¼wªº¦X²z©Ê¡C·íµM¡A©¡®É¡u°Êª«¶é¡vªº©w¸q¤]µ´¹ï·|»P¤µ¤éªº©w¸q¤j¤£¬Û¦P¡C

¬ü°ê¥ÍºA«O¨|¤§¤÷§õ¶øªi(Aldo Leopold) ¦b¡u¤g¦a­Û²z¡v¤å¤¤³ÌµÛ¦W¤]³Ì¦³ª§Ä³ªº¤@¥y¸Ü¡G¡u¤@¥ó¨Æ±¡¦pªG¶É¦V©ó«O¦s¥Íª«ªÀ¸sªº§¹¾ã¡Bí©w©M¬ü¡A¨º´N¬O¹ïªº¡A§_«h´N¬O¿ùªº¡C¡v¥L»{¬°§Ú­Ì¤£¦ý­n´L­«ªÀ¸s¸Ìªº¦¨­û¡A¤]­n´L­«¾ã­ÓªÀ¸s¥»¨­¡C±q¾ãÅéªÀ¸sªº¥ÍºA¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý¡A­Û²z¬O¦b¥Í¦sÄvª§¤¤¹ï©ó¦æ°Ê¦Û¥Ñ©Ò¥[ªº³W½d¡A³o¼Ëªº³W½d¡A·íµM¤£¥u­n°w¹ï¤HÃþ¡A¤]¾A¥Î©ó¨ä¥L«D¤HÃþªºª«ºØ¡C¦p¦PDeGrazia¡]1996¡^©Ò¨¥¡A¤HÃþ¹ï¨ä¥L°Êª«ªº­­¨î´N¹³¹ï¨S¦³¦æ¬°¯à¤OÀ¦¨àªº­­¨î¤@¼Ë¡A¥u¬O¬°¤F­n«OÅ@¥L­Ìªº»Ý­n¤Î§Q¯q¡C°Êª«¶éªº¦s¦b»ù­È­Y¤£¦C¤J¹D¼w¦Ò¶q¡A¦Ó±qÀô¹Ò­Û²zªºÆ[ÂIÅGÅ@¡A¨º»ò©Î³\¡A³z¹L°Êª«¶é±Ð¨|´£°ª¥Á²³ªº«O¨|·NÃÑ¡A±N¬O°ß¤@¥i³Q±µ¨üªºµª®×¡C

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1.     «Ø¥ß¥i±j¤Æªº°Êª«ºÖ§Q³Ì§C¼Ð·Ç¡A¶}©l®É¥H¼Ú¬w¬°°ò¦¡C

2.     ³]¥ß±j¨îªºÃÒ·Ó¨t²Î¡A¥]¬AÀç¹B°õ·Ó¡B°Êª«Ác´Þ°õ·Ó¡A¨Ã¥B±j­¢¹ê¬I¦X®æªºÂ¾­û°V½m­pµe¡C

3.     ¤Þ¤J°Êª«¶é¤º³¥¥Í°Êª«ªº¡uÅ@·Ó¨t²Î¡v¡A½T«O¥i¾aªº°Êª«Âà¹B¡B¶R½æ¡B¥æ´«¡B©Î³B¸m¡C

4.     ¯óÀÀµo¦æ°Êª«¶é¶Å¨é(zoo-bond)¡A©Ò¦³°Êª«¶é³£¥²¶·¤ä¥IªºÃö¶é«OÃÒª÷¡A³oµ§°òª÷±N¬O°Êª«¶éÃö³¬«á©ó¤@©w®É¶¡¤º°Êª«ªº·ÓÅU¸g¶O¡A¥H½T«O°Êª«¶é¤º°Êª«¤£·|¦]°Êª«¶éÃö³¬¦Ó¾D¨ü¤£¥²­nªºµh­W¡C

5.     ³]¥ß°ê®a¿Ô¸ß¤p²Õ¡A¥]¬A³¥¥Í°Êª«±M·~¡B¤H¹D¹ÎÅé¥Nªí¡B°Êª«¶é±M·~¡B°Êª«¦æ¬°±M®a»P¤ß²z¾Ç®a¡A¦@¦P¯óÀÀ¤@­Ó¥i§@¬°ºò«æª¬ªp¡B¹D¼w¼Ð·Ç¡Bµ{§Ç¡B»P«ü¾É·Ç«h(Code of Conduct)¡A¥Øªº¦b©ó«OÅ@³Q°é¾iªº³¥¥Í°Êª«¡C

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1.    ñ¸p¾Ë³¹ªº°Êª«¶é(Charter Zoo)À³¥D°Ê¤ä«ù©M«P¶i°ê»Ú°Êª«ºÖ§Q³Ì§C¼Ð·Ç¡A¦Û¤v«hÀ³¸Ó¿W¥ß¦aÀË°Q¨Ã§ïµ½¡C

2.     ñ¸p¾Ë³¹ªº°Êª«¶éÀ³©Ó¿Õ­t°_°Êª«¥Í²z¡BªÀ·|¡B»PÀô¹Òªº»Ý¨D¡A©MÃxÁ{µ´ºØ°Êª«ªº¥Í¦s³d¥ô¡C

3.      ñ¸p¾Ë³¹ªº°Êª«¶éÀ³©Ó¿Õ¥ô¦óex-situ»Pin-situª½±µÃöÁpªº¤u§@¡A¦bª«½è¤W¡B§Þ³N¤W¡B»P¸êª÷¤W¤ä«ùÃxÁ{µ´ºØ°Êª«ªº²{¦s³¥¥Í°Êª«±Ú¸s¡A±j¤Æ°Êª«­«¦^´Ï¦a¦¨¥\ªº¥i¯à©Ê¡A©Î¥[±j¥¼¨Óªº­pµe¡A¥L­ÌÀ³¤½§G§ë¤Jin-situ«O¨|­pµe»P«OÅ@´Ï¦a¤Wªº¸êª÷¡C

4.      ñ¸p¾Ë³¹ªº°Êª«¶éÀ³©Ó¿Õ´£¨Ñ¸ê·½¡A¥H¨ó§U°Êª««O¨|¤u§@¡B¤H­û¡BÃ~Âå¡B©M¨ä¥L§Þ³N¤H­ûªº°V½m¡A¥Øªº¦b©ó¤ä´©¥Í¦s¨ü«Â¯Ù»PÃxÁ{µ´ºØ°Êª«ªº«O¨|¤u§@¡A¥H¤Î«OÅ@¦ÛµM´Ï¦a¡C

5.      ñ¸p¾Ë³¹ªº°Êª«¶éÀ³©Ó¿Õ´£¨Ñ°é¾i°Êª«ªº³Ì°ªºÖ§Q¼Ð·Ç¡A¥H¤Î¥L­Ìªº°Êª«¦b¥Í²z¡BªÅ¶¡¡BªÀ·|¡B¤ß²z¤Wªº°·±d³£±Æ¦b³Ì°ª¶¶¦ì¦Ò¶q¡C

6.      ñ¸p¾Ë³¹ªº°Êª«¶éÀ³©Ó¿Õ´£¨Ñ¥þ½Lªº±Ð¨|­pµe¡A¤£Ä묹°é¾i°Êª«ªº¨­¤ß°·±d¡A¦³¯q©ó°Êª«¦s¬¡ªº¾÷·|¡C

7.      ñ¸p¾Ë³¹ªº°Êª«¶éÀ³¥H­­¨îÁc´Þªº¤è¦¡¡A»P¦~¦Ñ°Êª«¦º¤`«á¤£»¼¸É·s°Êª«ªº¤è¦¡¡A´î¤Ö°é¾i«D¥Í¦s¨ü«Â¯Ùªº°Êª«¡AÃxÁ{µ´ºØ©Î¥Í¦s¨ü«Â¯Ùªº°Êª«¥uÀ³¬°¨ó§UºÞ²z­pµeªº¤@³¡¥÷®É¤~¥i°é¾i¡C

 

 

 

°Ñ¦Ò¤åÄm¡G

1.          Bostock, S.S.C.¡]1993¡^Animals and their rights. Zoos and animal rights: The ethics of keeping aimals. T.J. Press Ltd, Cornwall, UK. pp. 37¡ã50

2.          Callicott, J. Baird¡]2000¡^¤g¦a­Û²zªº­õ¾Ç¯ßµ¸»P¥ÍºAªk¦è´µ¥D¸q¡m¥D°üÁp·ùºñ¥D±i¡n148¡ã150´Á ³¯·O¬üĶ

3.          Clubb, Rose & Mason, Georgia ¡]2003¡^ Captivity effects on wide-ranging carnivores, Nature, vol 425. pp. 473¡ã474

4.          DeGrazia, David.¡]1996¡^Taking Animals Seriously: Mental life and moral status Cambridge University Press

5.          Duncan, I.J.H & Fraser, D.¡]1997¡^Understanding animal welfare. In: Appleby, M.C. & Hughes, B.O.¡]eds¡^Animal welfare. CABI publishing, UK, pp. 19¡ã32

6.          Fraser, D.¡]2003¡^Assessing animal welfare at the farm and group level: The interplay of science and values. Animal welfare. 12: pp.433¡ã443

7.          Graham, Steve¡]1996¡^Issues of Surplus Animals. Wild Mammals in Captivity. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago

8.          Kellert, S.R. and J. Dunlap¡]1989¡^Information Learning at the Zoo: a Study of Attitude and Knowledge Impacts. ¡]A Report to the Zoological Society of Philadelphia of a Study Funded by the G.R. Dodge Foundation.¡^

9.          Regan, Tom.¡]1995¡^Are Zoos Morally Defensible? In: Ethics on the Ark¡]Ed. Bryan G. Norton¡^, pp. 38¡ã51. Smithsonian press

10.      Rolston III, Holmes.¡]1988¡^Environmental Ethics: Values in and Duties to the Natural World. Temple University Press

11.      Tudge, C.¡]1992¡^Last Animals at the Zoo. Oxford University Press, Oxford

12.      WAZA¡]1993¡^The World Zoo Conversation Strategy

13.      WSPA, BFF (1994) The Zoo Inquiry

14.      Young, Robert J.¡]2003¡^Two approaches to environmental enrichment.  In: Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals. pp.6¡ã7. UFAW press

15.      Born Free Foundation http://www.bornfree.org.uk/index.shtml

16.      International Species Information System http://www.isis.org/

17.      Rhinowatch http://www.rhinowatch.org.uk/rhinowatch/

18.      Zoo Check http://www.zoocheck.com/

 


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[4]  Àô¹ÒÂ×´I¤Æ¬O¦b°é¾iÀô¹Ò¤U¡A§Q¥Î¤H¬°©Î¦ÛµMªº¦]¤l¡A¿Eµo³¥¥Í°Êª«®i²{¦ÛµM¦æ¬°¡A¨Ã§ïµ½¤Î¹w¨¾²§±`¦æ¬°ªºµo¥Í¡C

[5]  ³o­Ó·§©À¥D±i°Êª«¶éÀ³¸Ó°ò©ó«O¨|¥Øªº¦¬¶°°Êª«¡A¨C¤@°¦°Êª«³£¬O¬°¤F«O¨|³¥¥~±Ú¸s©Ò¦¬¶°¨Óªº¥Nªí¡C¡]Michael D. Kreger & Mchael Hutchins, °Êª«Åv»P°Êª«ºÖ§Q¤p¦Ê¬ì¡^

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[7]  ¥xÆW¥Ø«eªº°Êª«¶é¡y¾÷ºc¡z¤j­P¦³¡G¥x¥_¥«¥ß¤ì¬]°Êª«¶é¡B·s¦Ë¥«¥ß°Êª«¶é¡B°ª¶¯¹Ø¤s°Êª«¶é¡B¬Ù¥ß«n§ë»ñ°Ä¨¦³¾¶é¡B·s¦ËÃö¦è¤»ºÖ§ø³¥¥Í°Êª«¶é¡B¥x«n¹x¥Ö¥@¬É³¥¥Í°Êª«¶éµ¥¡B°ò¶©®ü¬v¬ì§Þ³Õª«À]¡B³¥¬h®ü¬v¥@¬É¡B¥x¥_¤hªL®ü¬v¥Íª«À]¡B®ç¶é®ü¬vÀ]¡B­]®ß¦èÀØ®ü¬v¥ÍºA±Ð¨|¶é°Ï¡B©yÄõ®ü¬v¥Íª«À]¡Bªá½¬®ü¬vÀ]¡B«ÌªF°ê¥ß®ü¬v¥Íª«³Õª«À]¡B¼ê´ò®ü¬v¥Íª«À]µ¥¡C

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