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The Ethical Controversy Regarding Laboratory Animals: Also a Discussion on Animal Ethics in Eastern Philosophy Based on Confucianism, Buddhism and the New Welfarism

Shih, Shin-Kuan

Principal of Buddhist Hong Shi College, Lecturer at Hsuan Chuang University and Soochow University

ABSTRACT:

Although experimentation on laboratory animals contributes to the improvement of human health and profit, it results in a moral controversy. This article comments on the arguments arising from the West and then refutes them based on Eastern philosophy including Confucianism and Buddhism.

In the West, controversy regarding Animal Ethics mainly results from the ¡§moral standing of animals¡¨.  Questions arise, such as ¡§Do animals have rights?¡¨, ¡§Should we use animal for the sake of human beings?¡¨, etc. So there exist different sects such as ¡§Animal Rights¡¨ and ¡§Animal Welfare¡¨.

In the East, Confucianism places emphasis on a basic dogma of distinguishing human beings from animals. Because of human moral awareness, the (moral) standing of a human being is highly superior to that of animal. Although based on the Kindheartedness Principle and moral feelings, Confucianism will surely object to experiments that involve animal suffering, but they will not object to the usage of laboratory animals for testing.

On the other hand, Buddhist moral principles, including the ¡§Middle Path of Dependent Origination¡¨, assert that all sentient beings are equal. Nevertheless, the Hinayana Buddhist equalitarian protects animals passively, not aggressively. What they emphasize is ¡§no harm¡¨. However, Mahayana Buddhism looks at all sentient beings as equal. In addition, with great pity they seek to save all sentient beings¡¦ suffering. Therefore Mahayana Buddhists are the saviours of suffering animals. Regardless, both kinds of Buddhism thoroughly object to animal testing.

Whether in agreement or objection, the idea of reducing animal pain and improving animal welfare creates a common space for discussion that includes these divergent opinions. So, we can take the 3Rs as an action foundation of new welfarism in Animal Ethics to gradually help laboratory animals¡¦ deep suffering.

Key words: laboratory animals, animal rights, animal welfare, new welfarism animal liberation, put oneself in others¡¦ shoes, all sentient beings are equal, Reduction, Refinement, and Replacement; the Three Rs¡ôback

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¦ý¬O¥D±i¡u°Êª«Åv§Q¡vªÌ¡A¹ï©ó°Êª«ªºÅ@©À»P´L­««o¬O§ó¹ý©³ªº¡A¬Æ¦Ü»{¬°ÁaµM¤£§Q¥Î°Êª«·|´î·l¤HÃþªº§Q¯q¡A¤]³£À³¸Ó¨ú®ø°Êª«¹êÅç¡A°í«ù¯À­¹¡C©Ò¥H¡u°Êª«ºÖ§Q¡v¤è¦¡ªº§´¨ó¡A¨Ã¤£¯à¹ý©³¸Ñ°£°Êª«ªº­WÃø¡A¦]¬°¥Í©R¤£¯à¨ú¥N¡A©¯ºÖ¤£¯à¶q¤Æ¡CµM¦Ó¤@­Ó°Êª«¸Ñ©ñ©ÎÅ@¥Í­õ¾Çªº¹ê½îªÌ¡A¤£À³©¿µø²{¹êÀô¹Ò¤¤ªº§xÃø¡A§óÀ³±Ä¨ú©Ò¦³¥i¯àªº§ïµ½¤è®×¡C°Êª«¸Ñ©ñ¡B²³¥Í¥­µ¥½×ªÌªº³Ì²×²z·Q¡A¬OÅý°Êª«¸Ñ°£©Ò¦³¦]¤HÃþ¦æ¬°©Ò±a¨Óªº­WÃø»P´dºG¡CµM¦Ó±q¥Í©R­Û²z¾ÇªÌEngelhardtªº¾Ç»¡¤¤©Ò±oªº¤Þ¥Ó¡Aµ§ªÌ»{¬°¡A­±¹ï²³¦hªº¡u¹D¼w²§¶m¤H¡v¡]moral strangers¡^¡A¨ä¤¤¤@ÂI¦@¦Pªº»{ª¾¡A©Î³\¬O¨Ì©ó¤H¹Dºë¯«¦Ó¦³ªº°Êª«ºÖ§Q¥D±i¡F°ß¦³¤£Â_¦a¸¨¹ê°Êª«ºÖ§Q±¹¬I¡A¡u°Êª«¸Ñ©ñ¡vªºªø´Á¥Ø¼Ð¡A¡u²³¥Í¥­µ¥¡vªºÅ@¥Í²z·Q¡A²×±N¦³¹ê²{ªº¤@¤Ñ¡C

¦b¦¹¡A¨Ì©ó¤¤´Á¥Ø¼Ð¡X¡X°Êª«ºÖ§Q¡A¥H¿²©ó²×·¥²z·Q¡X¡X°Êª«Åv§Qªº¥D±i¡A³QºÙ¬°¡u·sºÖ§Q½×¡v¡]New Welfarism¡^¡Cµ§ªÌ»{¬°¡A¦ò±Ð¡u²³¥Í¥­µ¥½×¡vªº°Êª«­Û²zÆ[¡A¬O¹ý©³ªºÅ@¥Í½×ªÌ¡A¦ý¬O¦b±q¨Æ¹ê»Ú°Êª««OÅ@ªºªÀ·|¹B°Ê¤¤¡A¦UºØµ{«×ªº¡u¤H¹D¹ï«Ý°Êª«½×¡vªÌ¡A³£¬O¦X§@ªº¹ï¶H¡C©ó¦¹¡A¡u°Êª«ºÖ§Q¡v¬O¤@­Ó¶×¦X¦UºØ°Êª«­Û²z²§»¡¡A¥H¦@¦P¸Ñ±Ï°Êª«­WÃøªº¹ï¸Ü°ò¦¡A¦X§@°_ÂI¡C

 

 

 

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1.      §õ·ç¥þ¡G¡m¾§®a¥Í©R­Û²z¾Ç¡n¡A¥x¥_¡GÃZ´ò¡A¤@¤E¤E¤E¦~¡C

2.      ÄÀ¬L¼z¡G¡m¦ò±Ð­Û²z¾Ç¡n¡A¥x¥_¡Gªk¬É¡A¤@¤E¤E¤­¦~¡C

3.      ÄÀ¬L¼z¡G¡m¦ò±Ð³W½d­Û²z¾Ç¡n¡A¥x¥_¡Gªk¬É¡A¤G¡³¡³¤T¦~¡C

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1.      Peter SinggerµÛ¡A©s²»´Ë¡B¿ú¥Ã²»Ä¶¡G¡m°Êª«¸Ñ©ñ¡n¡A»O¥_¡GÃöÃh¥Í©R¨ó·|¡A1996¦~¡C

2.      Pojman, Louis P.½sµÛ¡A±i©¾§»µ¥Ä¶¡G¡m¬°°Êª«»¡¸Ü¡X¡X°Êª«Åv§Qªºª§Ä³¡n¡A¥x¥_¡G®Û«a¹Ï®Ñ¡A¤@¤E¤E¤C¦~¡C

3.      Bekoff, Marcµ¥½sµÛ¡G¡m°Êª«Åv»P°Êª«ºÖ§Q¤p¦Ê¬ì¡n¡A¥x¥_¡G®Û«a¹Ï®Ñ¡A¤G¡³¡³¤T¦~¡C

­^¤åµÛ§@

1.      Bentham, Jeremy: Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (New York¡GPrometheus Books,1988)

2.      Dawkins, Marian Stamp:Animal Suffering: The Science of Animal Welfare (London: Chapman and Hall¡A1980)

3.      Ragen¡MTom: The Case for Animal Rights¡]Berkeley: University of California Press¡M1983¡^

4.      Rolston III, Holmes: Environmental Ethics : Values in and Duties to the Natural World (Temple University Press, 1988)

5.      Singer, Peter : Animal Liberation¡Asecond edition ¡]Now York¡GAvon Book, 1990¡^

6.      Tom L. Beauchamp & LeRoy Walters: Contemporary Issues in Bioethics [fifth edition] , (Kennedy Institute of Ethics and Department of Philosophy Georgetown university,1999)

¤G¡B´Á¥Z¡B½×¤å¡B³ø¯È

1.      ¤¤µØ¥Á°ê¹êÅç°Êª«¾Ç·|¡G¡m¹êÅç°Êª«ºÞ²z»P¨Ï¥Î«ü«n¡n¡A»O¥_¡GÃÀ°a¡A2000¦~¡C

2.      °Êª«¸Ñ©ñ¡A­õ¾ÇÂø»x²Ä 22´Á¡A1999¡C

3.      §õ·ç¥þ¡G¡q¾§®a½×°Êª«Åv¡r¡A¡mÀ³¥Î­Û²z¬ã¨s³q°T¡n²Ä¤Q¤T´Á¡A­¶19-21¡A¥xÆW¤¤Ãc¡G¤¤¥¡¤j¾Ç­õ¬ã©ÒÀ³¥Î­Û²z¾Ç¬ã¨s«Ç¡A2000.1¡C

4.      ³¯¼w©M¡G¡q±q¹D®a«ä·Q½Í°Êª«ÅvªºÆ[©À¡r¡A¡mÀ³¥Î­Û²z¬ã¨s³q°T¡n²Ä¤Q¤T´Á¡A­¶22-25¡A¥xÆW¤¤Ãc¡G¤¤¥¡¤j¾Ç­õ¬ã©ÒÀ³¥Î­Û²z¾Ç¬ã¨s«Ç¡A2000.1¡C

5.      ¿½®¶¨¹¡G¡q°Êª«Åv¡X¡X ¤@­Ó¦ò±Ð¦V«×ªº¸ÑŪ»P¸ÑÄÀ¡r¡A¡mÀ³¥Î­Û²z¬ã¨s³q°T¡n²Ä¤Q¤T´Á¡A­¶29-32¡A¥xÆW¤¤Ãc¡G¤¤¥¡¤j¾Ç­õ¬ã©ÒÀ³¥Î­Û²z¾Ç¬ã¨s«Ç¡A2000.1¡C

6.      ¸­¤O´Ë¡G¡q­é¶}¹D¼wªº¥~¦ç¡X¡X°Êª«¦w¼Ö¦º¡r¡A¡mÀ³¥Î­Û²z¬ã¨s³q°T¡n²Ä¤Q¤T´Á¡A­¶33-35¡A¥xÆW¤¤Ãc¡G¤¤¥¡¤j¾Ç­õ¬ã©ÒÀ³¥Î­Û²z¾Ç¬ã¨s«Ç¡A2000.1¡C

7.      ÄÀ¬L¼z¡G¡q°Êª«Åv»PÅ@¥Í¡r¡A¡mÀ³¥Î­Û²z¬ã¨s³q°T¡n²Ä¤Q¤T´Á¡A­¶26-28¡A¥xÆW¤¤Ãc¡G¤¤¥¡¤j¾Ç­õ¬ã©ÒÀ³¥Î­Û²z¾Ç¬ã¨s«Ç¡A2000.1¡C

8.      ÄÀ¬L¼z¡G¡qÀô¹ÒÅv»P°Êª«Åv¡X¡X¡u¤HÅv¡vÆ[©Àªº©µ®i»P¡uÅ@¥Í¡v«H©Àªº¦^À³¡r¡A¡m¥È®N¾Ç³ø¡n²Ä¥|´Á¡A·s¦Ë¡G¥È®N¤H¤åªÀ·|¾Ç°|¡A2001¡C

9.      ÄÀ¬L¼z¡G¡q¡u½t°_¡v»P¡uÅ@¥Í¡v¢w¢w¦òªk¹ï¤µ¤é¤HÃþ§x¹Òªº±Òµo¡r¡A¥x¥_¡G¡u¾Ë¬F§ï­²ªº·s«äºû¬ã°Q·|¡v·|ij½×¤å¡A¬ü°ê¨È¬w¨ó·|»P²{¥N¾Ç³N°òª÷·|¦X¿ì¡A1995¡C

10.  ÄÀ¬L¼z¡G¡q¡uÅ@¥Í¡vºë¯«ªº¹ê½îÁ|¶¨¢w¢w¥xÆW°Êª«²{¦³ªº³B¹Ò»P¦ò±Ð¬É·í«e¥¼¨Óªº´©§U¤§¹D¡r¡A¥x¥_¡G¡u¥xÆW¦ò±Ð¾Ç³N¬ã°Q·|¡v·|ij½×¤å¡A²{¥N¦ò±Ð¾Ç·|¥D¿ì¡A1996¡C

11.  ÄÀ¬L¼z¡G¡q°Êª«ÃöÃhªº©v±Ð¦X§@¡X¡X¥HÃöÃh¥Í©R¨ó·|ªº¡uÅ@¥Í¡v¹B°Ê¬°¨Ò¡r¡A¥x¥_¡G»²¤¯¤j¾Ç©v±Ð¨t¡u©v±Ð¥æ½Í¾Ç³N¬ã°Q·|¡v·|ij½×¤å¡A2000¡C

12.  ¡m¥xÆW°Êª«¤§Án¡n©u¥Z¡A»O¥_¡GÃöÃh¥Í©R¨ó·|¡C

¤T¡B¬ÛÃö¸ê°Tºô§}

1.      ÃöÃh¥Í©R¨ó·|¡]Life Conservationist Association of Taiwan ¡^

http://www.lca.org.tw/tws/index.htm

2.      AnimalRights.Net

http://www.animalrights.net/

3.      ¥xÆW¥ÍºA«O¨|Áp·ù¸ê°Tºô

http://ultra.iis.sinica.edu.tw/~ngo/

4.      ¥xÆW¦a°Ï¤§³¥¥Í°Êª««OÅ@°Ï

http://wagner.zo.ntu.edu.tw/protect/index.htm

5.      ¡u¹êÅç°Êª«¸ê°Tºô¡v

http://las.nhri.org.tw/index1.htm

 


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[1]  Marc Bekoffµ¥½sµÛ¡G¡m°Êª«Åv»P°Êª«ºÖ§Q¤p¦Ê¬ì¡n¡A»O¥_¡G®Û«a¹Ï®Ñ¡A¤G¡³¡³¤T¦~¡A­¶¤G¤@¤K¡C

[2]  §E¥ÉªLµ¥µÛ¡G¡m¹êÅç°Êª«ºÞ²z»P¨Ï¥Î«ü«n¡n¡A¡u¹êÅç°Êª«¸ê°Tºô¡v¡Ghttp://las.nhri.org.tw/index1.htm¡C

[3]  Kant¡G¡§Lectures on Ethics¡¨¡]¡m­Û²z¾ÇÁ¿µü¡n¡^¡ADuties to Animals and Spirits¡]¡q¹ï°Êª«¤Î¤Hªº³d¥ô¡r¡^¡ALouis Infield­^Ķ¡C¡]ºK¦ÛPojman , Louis P. ½sµÛ¡A±i©¾§»µ¥Ä¶¡G¡m¬°°Êª«»¡¸Ü――°Êª«Åv§Qªºª§Ä³¡n¡A»O¥_¡G®Û«a¹Ï®Ñ¡A¤@¤E¤E¤C¦~¡A­¶¤G¤­¡C¡^

[4]  Tom Regan : ¡§The Case for Animal Rights¡¨¡]Tom L. Beauchamp & LeRoy Walters: Contemporary Issues in Bioethics [fifth edition] , Kennedy Institute of Ethics and Department of Philosophy Georgetown university,1999,p.489)¡C¥H¤U¦³Ãö¹p®Ú¤§Æ[ÂI¡A¬Ò¦P¤@¥X³B¡A­¶¥|¤K¥|¦Ü¥|¤E¤­¡C

[5]  Carl Cohen¡G¡§Do Animals Have Rights ? ¡¨ ¡]¡q°Êª«¦³Åv§Q¶Ü¡H¡r¡^¥X³B¦P¤W¡A­¶¥|¤E¤­¦Ü¤­¡³¤@¡C¥H¤U¤Þ¤å¬Ò¦P¡C

[6]  Peter Singer¡G¡§ Animal Liberation¡¨¡]Now York¡GAvon Book, 1990¡^¡C¡]©s²»´Ë¡B¿ú¥Ã²»Ä¶¡G¡m°Êª«¸Ñ©ñ¡n¡A»O¥_¡GÃöÃh¥Í©R¨ó·|¥Xª©¡A¤@¤E¤E¤»¦~¡C¡^

[7]  Jeremy Bentham¡A¡§Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation¡¨¡ANew York¡A1988¡C

[8]  ¦Pµù¤»¡A¤¤Ä¶¥»¡A­¶¤T¤­¦Ü¤C¤G¡C

[9]  ¨¯®æ¶i¤@¨B»¡©ú¡A¦b¦¹¬J¤£§â´¼»Ù¡B°I¦Ñ¡Bè§bªÌªº¥Í©R¶S¨ì¹³¥Ø«e½Þ¡Bª¯ªº¥Í©R¤@¼Ë§C·G¡A¤]¤£§â½Þª¯ªº¥Í©Rµø¬°¯«¸t¤£¥i«I¥Ç¡A³s¥Î¦w¼Ö¦ºÅý¥L­Ì¸Ñ²æµh­W³£¤£¥i¥H¡C

[10] R. G. Frey,¡§ Right ¡¨ ¡¥Killing and Suffering¡¦¡]Oxford¡GBasil Blackwell, 1983¡C¡^¡e¤¤Ä¶¡GPojman, Louis P.½sµÛ¡A±i©¾§»Ä¶¡G¡qÃö©ó°Êª«Åv§Qªº®Ä¯q¥D¸q¦¡§åµû¡r¡m¬°°Êª«»¡¸Ü¡X¡X°Êª«Åv§Qªºª§Ä³¡n¡A»O¥_¡G®Û«a¹Ï®Ñ¡A¤@¤E¤E¤C¦~¡A­¶¤­¤@¡C¡f

[11]  ¦Pµù¤»¡A¤¤Ä¶¥»¡A­¶¤E¡C

[12]  ¥»¬q¤å½×¼x¤Þ§õ®v·ç¥þ¡G¡q¾§®a½×°Êª«Åv¡r¡A¡mÀ³¥Î­Û²z¬ã¨s³q°T¡n²Ä¤Q¤T´Á¡A­¶¤@¤E¦Ü¤G¤@¡A¥xÆW¤¤Ãc¡G¤¤¥¡¤j¾Ç­õ¬ã©ÒÀ³¥Î­Û²z¾Ç¬ã¨s«Ç¡A¤G¡³¡³¤@¦~¤@¤ë¡C

[13]  ¥»¤å¬q¤§»¡©ú¡A¼x¤Þ¬L¼zªk®v¡G¡q°Êª«Åv»PÅ@¥Í¡r¡A¡mÀ³¥Î­Û²z¬ã¨s³q°T¡n²Ä¤Q¤T´Á¡A­¶¤G¤»¦Ü¤G¤K¡A¥xÆW¤¤Ãc¡G¤¤¥¡¤j¾Ç­õ¬ã©ÒÀ³¥Î­Û²z¾Ç¬ã¨s«Ç¡A¤G¡³¡³¤@¦~¤@¤ë¡C

[14]  ¦ò±Ð­Û²z³W½dªº¨ü«OÅ@ªÌÁö²[»\¡u¤H¡v»P¡u«D¤H¡v¤§¤@¤Á¦³±¡¡A¦ý­Û²z³W½dªº¦æ¬°¥DÅé«h¬O¡u¤H¡v¡A¦Ó«D¡u¤H¥H¥~¤§¨ä¥L°Êª«¡v¡]¥H¤U²ºÙ¡u°Êª«¡v¡^¡C¾¬O¤§¬G¡A¡uÅ@¥Í¡v¦¹¤@¹D¼w¶D¨Dªºµü·J¡A¯Âºé¬O¹ï¡u¤H¡vªº¦æ¬°¤§¦³®`©ó¥Í©R¡]¥]¬A°Êª«¡^ªÌ¡A©Ò´£¥Xªº¤Ï¨î¡C°Êª«»P°Êª«¤§¶¡¡A­Õ¦³¤¬¶Ë¬Û­¹¤§¦æ¬°¡A¨e­Ì¬O¤£¥i¯à²£¥Í¡u¹ï¤è¤]¦³¥Í¦sÅv§Q¡v¤§¤Ï¬Ùªº¡C¤H»P°Êª«¤§¶¡¡A­Õ­Y¬YºØ¤¿²r°Êª«¡]¦pªê¡B·à¡BÁ¯³D¡^±ý¨Ì¥»¯à¦Ó±þ¤H®É¡A¤H¤]µLªk¶D½Ñ¡u¥Í¦sÅv§Q¡v¤§¹D¼wÆ[©À¦Ó¨î¤î¤§¡C¤H¹ï«Ý°Êª«ªº¤è¦¡¡Aºc¦¨¡uµ½·~¡v©Î¡u´c·~¡v¡A°Êª««Ý¤H©Î°Êª«¬Û«Ý¡AÁa¨Ï±q¤Hªº¨¤«×¬Ý¨Ó¡A¥i¥HºÙ¤§¬°¡u¤¿´Ý¡v¡A«o¬O¯Â¥ô¥»¯àªº¡u¦³ÂеL°O¡v¡]Âлٯu²z¡A«o«DÃöµ½´c¡A¬O¹D¼w¤Wªº¡u¤¤©Ê¡v¡^¡C

[15]  ±d¼w¡]Kant¡^¡G¡m­Û²z¾ÇÁ¿µü¡n¡]Lectures on Ethics¡^¤¤¡A¡q¹ï°Êª«¤Î¤Hªº³d¥ô¡r¡]Duties to Animals and Spirits¡^¡ALouis Infield­^Ķ¡C¡]ºK¦ÛPojman , Louis P.½sµÛ¡A±i©¾§»µ¥Ä¶¡G¡m¬°°Êª«»¡¸Ü¢w¢w°Êª«Åv§Qªºª§Ä³¡n¡A»O¥_¡G®Û«a¹Ï®Ñ¡A¤@¤E¤E¤C¦~¡A­¶¤G¤­¡C¡^

[16]  Carl Cohen, ¡§Do Animals Have Rights ? ¡¨¥X³B¦P¤W¡A¥H¤U¦³Ãö¬_¦ë¤§Æ[ÂI¡A¬Ò¦P¤@¥X³B¡A­¶¥|¤E¤­¦Ü¤­¡³¤@¡C

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