±q¯À­¹¥D¸q±´°Q¥Í©R­Û²zªº²×·¥»ù­È

¼B©öÂN

¸U¯à¬ì§Þ¤j¾Ç±Ð±Â­Ý¾Ç°Èªø

ºK­n¡G

¯À­¹¥D¸q©Ò§t¸ðªº©v¦®¡B¤º®e»P¹ê½î·Ç«h¡A¤£¶ÈÃö¯AÀ³µMªº¤H¥Í²z·Q¡AÁÙ¦b¥Í©Rªº¤º¦b»P¥Í¬¡Àô¹ÒùØ¡AÅã¥Ü¥X¹êµMªº¥»½è¡C¦]¦¹¡A¯À­¹ªºÄ³ÃD¤£¯à¶È¥H³æ¤è­±ªº¡B§½³¡ªºÆ[ÂI¨Ó½×­z¡Bµûij¡A¦Ó¥²¶·¥Î¬Û¹ï©Êªº¡B´¶¹M©Êªº¨Æ¹ê¨ÓÀËÃÒ¡B»¡©ú¡C

¯À­¹¥D¸q¤§«ü¯A½dÃ¥©M¼h­±¡A¬O¦h¤¸½ÆÅ|ªº¡A±q¦ò±Ð¡u½t°_½×¡vªº«ä·Q¸q¿Í§@¬°¥ß¨¬ÂI¡A¯À­¹¥D¸qªººë¯«¯S½è©M¥Í©R«H¥õ´N¬O¡u²³¥Í¥­µ¥¡v¡C¥Ñ³o­ÓÆ[ÂI¥Xµo¡A¨Ó»{ÃѯÀ­¹¥D¸q©Ò·§¬Aªº¥Í©RÅé¬Û¡A¥i¥H¥]§t¤T­Ó³¡¥÷¡A²Ä¤@³¡¥÷¡G¬O¥H¤H¹D¥D¸qªººë¯«¬°¥ß³õ¡A¥¦¤À§O±q¨­¤ß°·±d¡BÂå¾Ç²z½×ªºÆ[ÂI¨Ó»¡©ú¯À­¹ªº§Q¤v¯q³B¡C²Ä¤G³¡¥÷¡G¬O¥H¥ÍºA¾ÇªºÆ[ÂI¬°µÛ²´¡A¥¦¤À§O±q¦ÛµM¥ÍºA¡B¥Íª«¤¬§Uªº¦@¥Í­Û²z¡A¨Ó±j½Õ¯À­¹§Q¤v»P§Q¥LªºÀuÂI¡C²Ä¤T³¡¥÷¡G¬O¥H©v±Ð­õ¾ÇªºÆ[ÂI¬°¨s³º¡A¥¦¤À§O±q½ü°j·~³ø¡B¦]ªG¹ï¤Ïªº«ß«h¤¤¡AÅã©ú¤F­¹ª«Ãì»P¥Í©R¤º¦bªº±K¤ÁÃö«Y¡A¥¦¼á²M¤F¾Ôª§»P©M¥­ªº·½¥Ñ¡A¤]¹D¥X¨­¤ß¦w¹yªºÀu½èÂk±J¡C

¯À­¹¥D¸q¤£À³¸Ó³Q¬ù­­©Î»~¸Ñ¬°©v±Ð±Ð¸q©Î¥H¨­Åé°·±d§@¬°°ß¤@¤§¿ï¶µ¡A¥¦¤£¬O¦Û¥~©óªÀ·|´¶¹M²{¶Hªº¿W¥ß©Ê¤§»ù­È¡A¦ÓÀ³¸Ó¬O¤HÃþ¤D¦Ü¥þÅé²³¥Í¬É¦@³q½T»{ªº´¼¼z©M¹D¼w¡C°ò©ó¡u²³¥Í¥­µ¥¡vªº«H©À¡A¯À­¹¥D¸q©Ò§tÄ᪺ªÀ·|©Ê¥\¯à©M²×·¥·N¸q¡A¦³¥²­n³z¹L¥þ¤è¦ìªº½×ÃÒ»P¶}©ñ©Êªº¹ï¸Ü¡AÅý¤H­Ìª¾¹D¯À­¹ªº¬Û¹ï¸q¬O§Ù±þ»P¤î¾Ô¡A¤£­¹¦×ªº¬Û¹ï¸q¬O°·±d»P¥­¦w¡C°ß¦³±q´L­«¥Í©R¡B¤£´Ý®`°Êª«¡B¤£³g¹Ï¦×¼¤¤f¸¡ªº¹ê»Ú¦æ°Ê°_¨B¡A¤HÃþªº¥Í©R¦ì®æ¤~¦³¶i¶¥ªº¾÷·|¡A¤HÃþªº¥ÍºAÀô¹Ò¤è¦³¥i¯àÀò±o®Ú¥»©Êªº§ïµ½¡C

¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¯À­¹¥D¸qµ¥¦P©óÅ@¥Í¡A¦Ó³oºØÅ@¥Íªº°Ê¾÷¡B¤èªk¡B«¬ºA©M²×·¥¥Øªº¡A¤]´Nµ¥¦P©óºûÅ@¤F¤HÃþ¥»¨­ªº¥Í¦sÅv¯q¡A¶i¦ÓºûÅ@¤F¤@¤Á¸Uª«ªº¥Í©R´LÄY¡C©ú¥Õ¤F³o¤@¼h¹D²z,¤H­Ì«K¯àÅé»{¯À­¹¥D¸q©Ò­nªí¹Fªº¬O¹D¼w­Û²zªº¾ã¥þ©Ê¡A¥H¤Î¥Í©R«~½èªºÀu½è©Ê¡C¥Ñ¦¹®Ö¤ßijÃD¥Xµo¡A«h¦n¤£¦n¦Y,©Î¤è«K»P§_¡A´N¤£¦A¬O§à¾Ü¯À­¹»P¦×­¹ªº­«ÂI¡A¤]´N¤£¦A¦s¦³±»¦Õµs¹a¡B¬NµÛ¨}¤ß¥H¹E¦æ¤£¸q¦æ¬°¬°ÂǤfªº¤HÃþ·M¦H¥Ç¦æ¡C

ÃöÁäµü¡G¯À­¹¥D¸q¡B¥Í©R­Û²z¡B²³¥Í¥­µ¥¡BÅ@¥Í¡B½t°_½×

From the vegetarianism to discuss the ultimate value of the life ethics

Liu, Yi-Chai

Professor of Center of General Education, Vanung University

ABSTRACT:

The aim of the vegetarianism not only touches on what an ideal life should be, but also shows the essence of reality in our living environment. Therefore, the subjects of the vegetarianism can't be discussed only with parts of the standpoint, but should be discussed with the fact.

The category of the vegetarianism is diverse and complicated. Its foundation is ¡§the theory of origin¡¨ of the Buddhism and the concept of ¡§all living things are equal¡¨. From these concepts, the vegetarianism includes three truths: first, from the point of view of medical science, vegetarianism is good and healthy for our body and mind. Second, from the point of view of ecology, vegetarianism has egoistic and altruistic advantage if we believe paragenesis is inevitable. Third, from the point of view of religious philosophy, the vegetarianism makes us feel peace and happy.   

The vegetarianism should not be misunderstood as a religious doctrine or a simple and only reason for the health. It is not an isolated value, but a common wisdom and morality. On the basis of the belief of ¡§all living things are equal¡¨ vegetarianism, which brings us health and peace, should let all people understand the meaning of no killing and no war. Only through the action of respecting life, no killing animal, men can get the chance to progress and to improve their ecological environment.

As a meter of fact, the vegetarianism equates the idea of ¡§protecting lives¡¨. And to protect lives equates to maintain the rights and interests of existence of human being. If we can realize this, we can then realize that the vegetarianism wants mainly to express the integrity of the morality and the ethics. And if we really understand this, we will never find any excuse to do the foolish behavior - to eat meat.   

Key words: vegetarianism , life ethics, all living things are equal, protect lives, the theory of origin¡ôback

 ¥»¤å

¤@¡B«e¨¥

½×ªÌ­ì¥»¬O¤@¦ì¥ý¤Ñ¤£¨}¡B«á¤Ñ¥¢½Õªº¨­Åéý®zªÌ¡A¦b¤Ü¤­·³¥H«e¡A¥Ñ©ó¨ü¨ì¿ù»~ªº¸ê°T¼±¥é¡B°¾»áªºÀô¹Ò¨î¬ù¡A¥H¤Î¦b¤åÃÀ¬É¿ùÂÕ¦¡ªº®öº©ª^³ò¤¤ÂȬV¡A±`¥H¦×­¹¡B¼õ©]¼g§@¡B«~°s²M½Í¡A§@¬°·v¾l¼W¶i¥Í¬¡±¡½ì¤§¤º®e¡C¥Ñ©óªø¦~¤½°È¿n³Ò¡A¤S²K¥[¤F¤W­z¤£°·±dªº¥Í¬¡¤¸¯À¡A¹E²£¥Í¤F·w¯t¡B¤ß±ª¡B¨­¤ß¯h¥F¡B¥¢¯v¡B­G¯fµ¥¦h­«¯fÅÜ¡C¼Æ¦~¶¡¡A´M¨DÂåÀø¶Eªv¡A§¡§iªÉ®Ä¡C

¥Á°ê¤»¤Q¤K¦~¬î©u¡A¦b¤@¦¸ªº¦]½t»Ú·|¤¤¡A¾\Ū¤F³¯¼z¼C©~¤h©ÒµÛªº¡m¥°¤@¤j®v¶Ç¡n¡A¥H¤Î¡m¤»¯ª¼z¯àªkÄ_¾Â¸g¡n¨â®Ñ¡A¹y®É­T¶ëÁŮԡA¹E«ä¨åÄy¤§¶Ç²ß»P¥Í¬¡¤§¹ê½î¡C·í®É¡A½×ªÌ±q¤T±ø¸ô½u¶i¦æ¡A°È¨D²z½×»P¹ê°È¬Û³sµ²¡Aª¾ÃÑ©MÅéÅç¬Ûµo©ú¡C²Ä¤@±ø¸ô½u¡A¬O±q¶¼­¹¤è­±µÛ¤â¡A§ïÅܦ׭¹²ßºD¬°¯À­¹À\¶¼¡AÂÇ¥H±Æ°£¸z­G»P¦å²G¤§¬r¯À¡F²Ä¤G±ø¸ô½u¡A¬O±q¤¤°ê¶Ç²Î¾i¥Í³N¤¤¡A²f¶°¾ã¦X¤K¬qÀA¡B¥~¤¦¥\¡BÀR§¤µ¥ªkªù¡A­Ý§tºC¶]©M¥ñ¦a®¼¨­¡B¬~§N¤ô¾þµ¥½Õ²z¨­¤ß¤§¤èªk¡AÂÇ¥H±j©TÅé½è¤Î´£¤É¥Í©R¯à¶q¡F²Ä¤T±ø¸ô½u¡A¬O»wŪ¦aÂøg¡BÃÄ®v¸g¡B²b¤g¤T¸g¡Bª÷­è¸g¡BªkµØ¸g¡B¤j´¼«×½×µ¥¤j­¼¦ò±Ð¸g½×¡A¥H¤Î¾§¹D¨â®a¸g¾Çµ¥¡A¥H¸ê§@¬°º°¹Ð­²¤ß¡B¶JÆC¥Í©RÆ[»P°·±d¤H¥ÍÆ[ªºÆF³¡C

¦b³³¾i¨­¤ß¡B§ïÅܥͬ¡«¬ºA¡B©Ý®i¥Í©Rµø³¥ªº¤T±ø¸ô½u¤¤¡A¨ü¨É³Ì§Ö¡BÀø®Ä³Ì¨ãÅ骺¡A·íÄݯÀ­¹¤§§Q¯q¡A¦Ó¨ä¥L¨â±ø¸ô½uªº°í«ùµL¶¡¡A¤]¨Ï±o½×ªÌ©ó¹ê½î¹Lµ{¤¤¡AÀò±o¶W¶V©ó«U¨£»P¥­±e©R®æªº¥Í©RÆF¯à¡C¬°¤F¨ãÅé§e²{½×ªÌ¥H¨­§@«h½×ÃÒ¡A¥»¤å¤D±q¤@¡B¤H¹D¥D¸qªº¥ß³õ¡A¤G¡B¥ÍºA¾ÇªºÆ[ÂI¡A¤T¡B©v±Ð­õ¾Çªº«ä·Qµ¥¤T­Ó­±¦V¡A¨Ó³v¤@¸àÄÀ¯À­¹¥D¸q¤£¶È¬O«Øºc²³¥Í¬É¥Í©R­Û²zªº¥ß°òÂI¡A¦P®ÉÁ٤ϬM¥X¾ãÅé¦t©z¥Í©Rªº²×·¥»ù­È¡C¬Oª¾¡A¥»¤åªº½×ÂI¤D§Æ¾¬³z¹L¾Ç³N²z½×ªº¨t²Î¾ã¦X¡A¥H¤Î¥Í¬¡¹ê½îªº¨Æ¹êÀËÃÒ¡A¨Ó»¡©ú¯À­¹¥D¸qªººë¯«¯S½è©M²×·¥¥Øªº¡C

¤G¡B²Ä¤@³¡¥÷¡G¥H¡u¤H¹D¥D¸q¡v¬°«e´£ªº°·±d¶¼­¹Æ[

¡]¤@¡^±qÀù¯gªº¯f·½»¡°_

°·±d¶¼­¹­Y¯à¥H¯À­¹¬°«e´£¡A«h¤£¦ý²Å¦X¤HÅé¥Í²zµ²ºcªº¥¿±`»Ý¨D¡AÁ٭ݧt¤F¾i¥Í¡B¥h¯f¡B¨¾¦Ñ¤Æµ¥¥\¯à¡C

®Ú¾Ú¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨sÅã¥Ü¡A©â·Ï»PÀù¯g¡]¦pªÍÀù©M¤fµÄÀù¡^ªººò±K¦]ªGÃö«Y¤wÀò±o¤@­Pªº¦@ÃÑ¡C®Ú¾Ú¬ü°ê°ê®aÀù¯g¨ó·|´£¥Xªº¼Æ¾Ú¸ê®Æ¡A¦Ê¤À¤§¤T¤QªºÀù¯g¬O¦]©â·Ï¦Ó¤Þ°_ªº¡C³o­Ó¤ñ¨Ò¤w¬Û·íÅå¤H¡AµM¦Ó¤ñ°_­¹ª«¹ï©óÀù¯g§Î¦¨ªº¼vÅT¤O¡A¥¦¤S²¤»¹¤@Äw¤F¡C¦b¬ü°êÀù¯g¨ó·|¤¤©Ò°µªº«O¦u¼Æ¦r¤¤¡A¦Ê¤À¤§¤T¤Q¤­ªºÀù¯g³£»P­¹ª«¦³ª½±µªºÃöÁp¡F¨ä¥L¬ã¨s¾÷ºc©Ò½Õ¬d¦ô­pªºµ²ªG§ó¬°Àb¤H¡A¦³¨Ç¬Æ¦Ü°ª¹F¦Ê¤À¤§¤»¤Q¡C

­¹ª«¦bÀù¯g¤è­±ªº¼vÅT¥D­n¨Ó¦Û´X¤è­±¡G

1.¬Y¨Ç­¹ª«·|¼W¥[¤HÅ餺ªº¬Y¨Ç²üº¸»X¡A³o¨Ç²üº¸»X«Ü¥i¯à´N¼W¥[¤FÀù¯g¥Í¦¨ªº¾÷·|¡A¨ä¤¤³Ì±`¥X¨Ó¡u§@¶Ã¡vªº´N¬O©Ê²üº¸»X¡A¥¦»P¨ÅÀù¡B¤l®cÀVÀù¡B§Z±_Àù³£²æÂ÷¤£¤FÃö«Y¡C¨ä¹ê¡A§Ú­Ì¤HÅ餺²üº¸»Xªº¦s¶q»P¬¡°Ê¡A¦³¤@¤j³¡¥÷³£¨ú¨M©ó§Ú­Ì©Ò¦Yªº­¹ª«¡A¦Ó³o¤]¬O¹w¨¾Àù¯gªº­«­nµÛ²´ÂI¡C

2.¦³¨Ç­¹ª«±a¦³­PÀùª«½è¡A¤×¨ä¬O­¹ª«Ãì¸Ìªº°ª¼h¥Íª«¡A¦p¤û¦×¡B½Þ¦×¡BÂû¦×¡A¥H¤Î¨Ó¦Û¨e­Ìªº­¹«~¦p¥¤©M³Jµ¥¡A³o¨Ç®a¯b¡B®a¸V¦b¦Y¶i¯ó®Æ»P¹}®Æªº¦P®É¡A¤]§â¯ó®Æ»P¹}®Æ¸Ìªº¹AÃÄ¡B±þÂξ¯¡B¤Æ¾ÇÃÄ«~¡B¦UºØ«P¶i¥Íªøªº²üº¸»Xµ¥¡A¤@¨Ö¦Y¶i¨{¤l¸Ì¡A¦¨¬°¦×©M¨Åªº¤@³¡¥÷¡CµM«á¡A¦×­¹ªº¤HÃþ¢w¢w­¹ª«Ãì¸Ìªº³Ì°ª¼h¡A¦A§â³o¨Ç¦³¬rª«½è§]¶i­G¸Ì¡A¥ô¥Ñ¤­ªá¤Kªùªº¬r¯À¥H­PÀùª«½èªº¨­¥÷¦bÅ餺ªø´Á©~¯d¡A¦ø¾÷¦Ó°Ê[1]¡C

¦ã¶ëº¸Âå¥Í¡]Dr. Josef Issels¡^¬O·í¥N³Ì¦³Åv«Â©ÊªºÀù¯g±M®a¡A¤]¬O¥@¬Éª¾¦WªºÀù¯gÂå°|°|ªø¡A¥L»¡¡G¡u¹L«×­¹¥Î¦×Ãþ©M¨ä¥L´IÁx©T¾Jªº­¹ª«¡A¤£¶È³y¦¨¦åºÞµw¤Æ¤Îº¸«á¦å²G´`Àô©M²Ó­M¯Ê®ñ°ÝÃD¡A¨Ã¥B¼W¥[¿©±w¸~½Fªº¦MÀI©Ê¡v¡C°Êª«¹êÅç©MÁ{§É¹êÅçÅã¥Ü¡A­­¨î¦×­¹»P°Êª«©Ê¯×ªÕ¡A¥]¬A¥¤ªo¦b¤º¡A±N´î¤Ö±wÀùªº¦MÀI©Ê[2]¡C

®Ú¾Ú²Î­pÅã¥Ü¡AÄá¨ú°Êª«©Ê³J¥Õ½è¹L¦hªº°ê®a¦³¸û°ªªºÀù¯g¿©±w²v¡C¬Û¤Ï¦a¡A¶Ç²Î¶¼­¹¬°§C°Êª«©Ê³J¥Õ½èªº°ê®a¡A¬Æ¤ÖÀù¯g©ÎªÌ¥þµL¡C³ß°¨©Ô¶®¤sÄS¬x¥¾¥Á±Ú¡]Hunza¡^´N¬O¤@­Ó«Ü¦nªº¨ÒÃÒ¡]¨ä¥­§¡¹Ø©R¬ù¦b¤E¤Q·³¦Ü¤@¦Ê·³¤§¶¡¡^¡C¾¥¦è­ôªº¨|¥d©Z¦L²Ä¦w¤H¡]Yucatan Indians¡^©Î¬OªF¦L«×ªº¦h¹F¤H¡]Todas¡^¥L­Ìªº³J¥Õ½èÄá¨ú¶q¶È¬°¬ü°êªº´X¤À¤§¤@¡A¦ÓÀù¯g¤]²@µL©Ò»D¡C¬ü°ê¤H©Ò®ø¯Óªº³J¥Õ½è¸û¥@¬É¤W¥ô¦ó°ê®a¬°°ª¡A¦bÀù¯g²Î­p¼Æ¦r¤]­º©}¤@«ü¡C¤j¦h¼Æª¾¦WÀù¯g¬ã¨s¤H­û¥H¤Î«H©^Àç¾i¾ÇªºÂå®v¡A¨Ò¦p³Í§QÂå¥Í¡]Dr. William kelley¡^¡B§J©Ô¥¬Âå¥Í¡]Dr. Ernst Krebs¡^¡B§J©Ô´µÂå¥Í¡]Dr. Werner Kollath¡^¡B©M¥§¯S°ÇÂå¥Í¡]Dr. Alan H. Nittler¡^µ¥¤H²`«H¡A¹L«×Äá¨ú³J¥Õ½è¥H¤Î¨­ÅéµLªk¾A·í®ø¤Æ»P§l¦¬¡A¬OÀù¯g¥D­n¦¨¦]¤§¤@[3]¡C¦Ó²³©Ò¶gª¾¤§·R´µ°ò¼¯¤H¬O­Ó¦×­¹¥Á±Ú¡A¥L­Ì¥­§¡¹Ø©R«Üµu¡A·§¬ù¶È¤Ü¤C·³¡A³o»P¥L­Ìªº¦×­¹¦³Ãö[4]¡C

®Ú¾Ú¬ì¾Ç¹êÅçµý©ú¡A³ßÅw¦×­¹ªÌ¨­Åé±`·|µo¥ÍÄqª«½è¥¢¿Å²{¶H¡C¦×Ãþ¤¤ÁC»P¶t¬°¤G¤Q»P¤@¤§¤ñ¡AÄY­«¯Ê¶t·|³y¦¨¤ú¾¦²æ¸¨©M¾¦¼ÑÁwº|¡C°ª³J¥Õ¿¯­¹ªº¥t¤@®`³B¬O¡A¥¦·|¤Þ°_§Ü¥Öª¢¯À¡BÁâ¡B¶t©M·Ï¯ó»ÄªºÄY­«¯Ê¥F¯g¡C

­^°ê¡B¬ü°ê¡B²üÄõ©M¤¦³Áµ¥°êªº¬ã¨sÅã¥Ü¡A¦×­¹¹L¦hªº¦ÑŹ±`·|¿©±wÃP°©¯g¡B°Ê¯ßµw¤Æ©M¤ßŦ¯f¡C¦è¼wªkÄõ§JºÖ¤j¾Çªº®uºû¯÷³Õ¤h¡]Dr. Ph. Schwarz¡^©M·ç¤h¿q¾¤¥@ªº°ê»Úª¾¦W¥Í¤Æ¾Ç®a§B«´³Õ¤h¡]Dr. Ralph Bircher¡^»{¬°¡A°I¦Ñ¹Lµ{¬O¥Ñ¤@ºØ¥s°µ¡uÀÀ¾ý¯»½è¡v¡]amy loid¡^ªºª«½è©Ò«P¦¨¡A³o¬O¤@ºØ³J¥Õ½è¥NÁ¹Lµ{¤¤²£¥Íªº°Æ²£«~¡A¨IµÛ©óµ²½l²Õ´¤¤¡A³y¦¨²Õ´¤Î¾¹©x°h¤Æ©M¦­°I²{¶H¡C±d¤Dº¸¤j¾Çªººû¶ë§J³Õ¤h¡]Dr.Willard j. Visek¡^«h»{¬°¡A°ª³J¥Õ¿¯­¹©MÀù¯g¥Í¦¨¦³±K¤ÁÃöÁp¡C¦×Ãþ¥NÁ§@¥Î®É²£¥Í¤j¶qªº®ò¡A®ò¬O°ª«×­PÀù©Êª«½è¡C°ª³J¥Õ¿¯­¹¤]¼vÅT¯ØŦ¥\¯à¡A­°§C¨­Åé¹ïÀù¯gªº©è§Ü¤O¡A¨Ã¦³§U©ó¿}§¿¯fªº¥Í¦¨[5]¡C¥Ñ¦¹±o¥HÃÒ©ú¡AÄá¨ú°ª³J¥Õªº¦×Ãþ¡A±N¾É­P¥Í²z¨t²Îªº¦h­«­t¾á¡A¦Ó½Ñ¦h¯fÅܤ]¦]¦¹µo¥Í¡C½×ªÌ±q¤Q¤K·³¥H¨´¤Ü¥|·³ªº¤»¦~¤§¶¡¡A¦]Àô¹Ò¦]¯À¤j¶qÄá¨ú°ª³J¥Õ¦×­¹¡A¹E¾É­P¥Í²z¥¢½Õªº¦h­«¯gª¬¡A©ó¤µ¤Ï«ä¡A¤´¦³·P·\¤§±ª°Ê¡C

¡]¤G¡^¶¼­¹²ßºD¬O°·±d»P§_ªºÃöÁä¦]¯À

¶¼­¹§÷½è©M¶¼­¹²ßºD¬O°Ï¹j¥Í¯f»P§_ªº­«­n¦]¯À¤§¤@¡AµL½×±qÀç¾i¾Ç¡B¥Í²z¾Ç©MÂå¾Çªº¼h­±¨Ó±´°Q¡A³£¯à°÷±q¹ê½î©M¤ÀªR¤¤Àò±o¨ãÅ骺©úÃÒ¡C¦]¦¹¡A¦åÀ£ªº°ª§C»P§_¡A¤]»P¯À­¹©Î¦×­¹¦³Ãö¡C

¤@¤E¤K¥|¦~¤»¤ë¡A·ç¨å¾|´µÂå¥Í¦bÃö©ó°ª¦åÀ£ªº¶¼­¹©M¤@¯Å¹w¨¾ªº°ê»Ú±MÃD°Q½×·|¤W³ø§i¤F¯À­¹ªÌªº¦åÀ£¡C¥L¬ã¨s¤F¤G¤Q¤G¦W¦Ü¤Ö¤w¯À­¹¤T¦~ªº¤¤¦~°ü¤k¡A¨Ã»P°Ñ¥[¦P´Á¤H¸s½Õ¬dªº¤@¤d¤T¦Ê¦W¦~ÄÖ¥|¤Q¥|¡ã¤»¤Q¤»·³ªº°ü¤k¶i¦æ¹ï·Ó¡Aµ²ªGµo²{¯À­¹ªÌªº¦åÀ£¨Ã¤£ÀH¦~ÄÖ¦Ó»¼¼W¡C³o¤@µo²{¤]³Q¨ä¥L¬ã¨sªÌÃÒ¹ê¡C

¾Ú¨ä¥L¬ã¨s¦ô­p¡A¯À­¹ªÌªº¦åÀ£¸û¦×­¹ªÌ¬°§Cªº¦]¯À¦p¤U¡G

¡]1¡^¯À­¹ªÌªºÅé­«³q±`¤ñ«D¯À­¹ªÌ§C¡A¦ÓªÎ­DÅãµM»P°ª¦åÀ£¦³Ãö¡C

¡]2¡^¶u¦³»¤µo°ª¦åÀ£ªº®ÄÀ³¡A¹[«h¤Ï¤§¡C¯À­¹ªÌªºµæÀa¸û¬°²M²H¡A¨ä¶u¡]­¹ÆQ¡^Äá¤J¶q±`¤ñ«D¯À­¹ªÌ¤Ö¡A¦Ó¥B¥Ñ©ó½­µæ¤¤§t¹[¶q¸û¦h¡A©Ò¥H¨Ï¿¯­¹¤¤¶u©M¹[ªº¤ñ­È­°§C¡C

¡]3¡^¯À­¹ªÌ³J¥Õ½è¶i­¹¶q¤Ö¡A©Ò¥H¯À­¹ªÌ¿¯­¹¤¤ÁC©M²¸ªº¤ñ­È¸û«D¯À­¹ªÌ°ª¡]°Êª«©Ê³J¥Õ½è¤º§t²¸®ò°ò»Ä¦h¡^¡C¦Ó¸û¤Öªº§t²¸®ò°ò»Ä¶i­¹¶q¹ï¤ß¦åºÞªº°·±d¤]¦³¤@¨Ç«OÅ@§@¥Î¡C

¡]4¡^´Óª«©Ê­¹ª«ªº¯×ªÕ¤¤¦h¬°¤£¹¡©M¯×ªÕ»Ä[6]¡C

¥t¥~¡A±q¤HÅ骺¥Í²zµ²ºc¤§½Ñ¦h¤¸¯À¤¤¡A¤]¥i¥HÁA¸ÑÄá¨ú¦×Ãþ­¹«~§t¦³¤£°·±d¦]¤lªº¹D²z¡C®Ú¾ÚÂå¾Ç¬ã¨sÅã¥Ü¡A¯×ªÕ»Ä¥i¤À¬°¹¡©M¯×ªÕ»Ä¡]¦×Ãþ­¹ª«§t¶q¸û¦h¡^¡B³æ¤¸¤£¹¡©M¯×ªÕ»Ä¡]¦p¹T±ùªo¡^»P¦h¤¸¤£¹¡©M¯×ªÕ»Ä¡]¦pOmega-3»POmega-6¯×ªÕ»Ä¡^¡C¤£¦Pªº¯×ªÕ»Ä¹ï¤HÅ馳¤£¦Pªº¼vÅT¡C¹¡©M¯×ªÕ»Ä¸û®e©ö´£°ª¦å¤¤¤T»Ä¥Ìªoà­¡BÁ`Áx©T¾J¥H¤Î§C±K«×¯×³J¥Õ¤¤Áx©T¾J§t¶q¦Ó¾É­P¤ß¦åºÞ¯e¯f¡C³æ¤¸¥H¤Î¦h¤¸¤£¹¡©M¯×ªÕ»Ä«h»P¹¡©M¯×ªÕ»Ä§¹¥þ¬Û¤Ï¡C¥¦­Ì¥i¥H­°§C¦å¤¤¤T»Ä¥Ìªoà­¡BÁ`Áx©T¾J¥H¤Î§C±K«×¯×³J¥Õ¤¤¤§Áx©T¾J§t¶q¡A¦h¤¸¤£¹¡©M¯×ªÕ»Ä¤S¦³§í¨î¦å®ê§Î¦¨ªº§@¥Î¡A³o¨Ç¥\®Ä§¡¥i­°§C¤ß¦åºÞ¯e¯fªºµo¯f¾÷²v[7]¡C©Ò¥H¡A¯À­¹ªÌ¸û¤Öµo¥Í¤ß¦åºÞ¯e¯f¡A¤D¬O¥²µMªººÖ§Q¡C

½×ªÌ¦Û¥Á°ê¤»¤Q¤K¦~½Õ¾ã¶¼­¹²ßºD¬°¯À­¹¨´¤µ¡AÅé­«¤j¬ùºû«ù¤»¤Q¦Ü¤»¤Q¤G¤½¤ç¡]¤ñ¯À­¹¥H«e´î¤Ö¤T¤½¤ç¡A¨­°ª«h¬°170-168¤½¤À¡^¡A¥Ñ©óµ²¦X¥¿±`§@®§»P«O°·¹B°Ê¡A¦åÀ£¤]¸g±`«O«ù¦b¥¿±`«ü¼Æ¤§¶¡¡]135-90¡^¡A¥i¿×¯À­¹Àò¯qªº¨ãÅé©úÃÒ¡C

¦AªÌ¡A½×ªÌ¥i¥H¶i¤@¨B±q®ø¤Æ¨t²Î´£¥X¤HÃþ¾A©y¯À­¹ªºÃÒ©ú¡C¬ü°ê­ô­Û¤ñ¨È¤j¾ÇªºÁú¤B¹y¡]G. S. HunTingTon¡^³Õ¤h´¿°µ¤F¤@¶µ¸z¹Dªº¸Ñ­å¤ÀªR¡AÃÒ©ú¤HÃþ¾A©ó¯À­¹¡A¦Ó¤£¾A©y¦×­¹¡C¥L»¡¦×­¹°Êª«ªº¤p¸zµu¡A¤j¸zª½¦Ó¥B¥­·Æ¡A¯À­¹°Êª«ªº¤p¸zªø¡A¤j¸z¥çªø¡F¦Y¦×¥ç¦Y¯ÀªÌªº¸z¤l¤ñ¦×­¹ªÌªø¡A¤ñ¯À­¹ªÌµu¡C¤HÃþªº¤j¸z¬ù¦³¤­¦Ü¤»§`ªø¡A¨Ã¥B¨Ó¦^±Æ¦C¡A¸z¾À¤£¥­·Æ¡A¦Ó¥B­«Å|¦b¤@°_¡A³o¼Ëªº¸z¹D¬O¾A©y¯À­¹¦Ó¤£¾A©y¦×­¹ªº[8]¡C®ÚÕu¬ã¨sÅã¥Ü¡A»Ä©Êªº¦×Ãþ­¹ª«¦b¤HÃþ¸ûªøªº¸z¤l¸ÌÀx¦s¹L¤[·|²£¥Í¬r¯À¡A³o¨Ç¬r¯À¼W¥[¨xŦªº­t¾á¡A¤é¿n¤ë²Ö¤§«á¡A·|³y¦¨¨xµw¤Æ©Î¨xÀù¡C¦Ó¥B¦×Ãþ§t¦³³\¦h§¿»Ä¡B§¿¯À¡Aªø´Á­¹¥Î·|³y¦¨µÇŦªº­t²ü¡A¾É­PµÇ¥\¯à°h¤Æ¡C¥Ñ©ó¦×Ãþ¥»¨­¯Ê¥FÅÖºû½è¡A¨I¾ý¦b¸z¤º©ö§Î¦¨«K¯µ¡A¶i¦Ó¤Þµo²©½H©Îª½¸zÀù¡C©Ò¥H¡A¤HÃþ¤£¾A©y¦×­¹ªº¹D²z¦Ü¬°©úÅã¡C

°£¤F¦×Ãþ¥»¨­¹ï¤HÅé³y¦¨¤£¾AÀ³ªº¯fÅÜ¡A¦³·l¥Í²zÄá­¹¤§¹D¦Ó¥~¡A¦Û¤G¤Q¥@¬ö¤K¤Q¦~¥N¥H¨Ó¡A©Ò¿×¡u¸gÀٰʪ«¡v¡]¥H¤HÃþ°Ó·~¦æ¬°¡B¸gÀÙ§Q¯q©M¤f¸¡¤§¼¤¬°ÂǤfªº¤Ï¤H¹D±M¦³¦Wµü¡^§¡¤j¶q§l¦¬§Ü¥Í¯À¡A­P²£¥Í½Ñ¦h¹H®`¦ÛµMªk«h¤Î¤HÅé°·±dªº²{¶H¡A¬Oºc¦¨²{¥N¤å©ú¯fªº­«­n¦]¯À¤§¤@¡C

®Ú¾Ú¦U°ê¬F©²¤Î¬ã¨s¾÷ºc½Õ¬d¡A¯bªª°Ó¤H¬°¤F¯b¾iªº½Þ¤ûÂûÀn¡A¤£¥O¨ä¶Ç¬V¬Ì¯g¡A©ó¬O«K¦b¹}®Æ¤¤¡AÄe¨Ç§Ü¥Í¯À¡A³o¨Ï±o­¹¥Î¤F¸Ó¦×«~ªº¤H¡A¤]Äá¨ú¤F³\¦h§Ü¥Í¯À¡A¤[¦Ó¤[¤§¡A¦×­¹ªÌ¥Í¤F¯f¡A¹ï©óÂå¥Í©Ò¥Îªº§Ü¥Í¯À©M¯S®ÄÃÄ¡A«K²£¥Í§ÜÃÄ©Ê[9]¡C¨ä°Æ§@¥Î§Y¬OµLÃÄ¥iªv¡A§ô¤â«ÝÀÅ¡C

°ê¥ß»OÆW¤j¾Ç¦WÅA±Ð±Â¼B´Âøʦb¡u°Êª«¥Î§Ü¥Í¯ÀºÞ²z­±­±Æ[¡v®y½Í·|¤¤»¡¡G¡u§Ü¥Í¯À¦b¯b²£·~¤W¡A³Q·í°µ§tÃĩʪº¹}®Æ²K¥[ª«¡A¨Ó«P¶i°Êª«ªº¥Íªø¡A¥H­°§C¦¨¥»¨Ã´£°ª¥Í²£®Ä²v¡C¦ý¨Ï¥Î§Ü¥Í¯À¡A«o·|«P¶i§ÜÃĩʲӵߪº¼W¥[¡A¥Î±o·U¦h¼W¥[·U¦h¡A¦pªG°Êª«¨­¤W¥X²{¤F§ÜÃĩʲӵߡA¤S¬OÄÝ©ó¤H¯b¦@³qªº¯f­ìµß¡A´N¥i¯à¦b¤HÅé¤Þ°_·P¬V¡v[10]¡C®ø¶OªÌ¤å±Ð°òª÷·|¸³¨Æªø§õ»ñ¿¬¤]¿×¡G¡u±q¨g¤û¯f¡B¤f¿á¬Ì¡A¨ì¨Å«~¤¤ªºÀ¹¶ø¨¯¡A¤£½×¨Ó¦Û°ê¤º©Î°ê¥~¡A¡y¦Y¡zªº¦w¥þ¡A³ÌÅý¨­¬°®a®x°·±d¦uÅ@ªÌªº¥D°ü¼~¤ß¡C¯b²£«~±q¥Í²£»s³y¨ì¾P°â¡A¹Lµ{¨ì©³¦w¤£¦w¥þ¡A®ø¶OªÌ©l²×Ãø¥H±o¨ì¥þ­±¡B¸Ô²Óªº¸ê°T¡F¦ý§ÜÃĩʵߪº§Ö³t¼W¥[«o¬O¤H¤H¬Òª¾¡v[11]¡C¥H¤W¬O±M®a¾ÇªÌ©M¤½¯q¹ÎÅé¥Nªí¹ï©ó¦×Ãþ­¹ª«§t¦³¤å©ú¯f¤¸¯Àªº»¡©ú¡A¨äÆ[ÂI§¹¥þ¤Ï¬M¤F¦×­¹¤£¦w¥þªº²{¹êª¬ªp¡C·íµM¡A³o¨Ç³£ÁٶȬO°ò©ó¤HÃþ¦Û¨p»Ý¨D©Ò°µªº§i¥Õ¡A¦Ü©ó±Ä¨ú«D¤¯©Êªº¤â¬q¨ÓÀò¨ú¦×­¹ªº´Ý¼É¦æ¬°¡A«h¥þµM³Q¥H¡u¸gÀٰʪ«¡v¬°¦Wªº¤HÃþ¶Ý¼¤±M§Q²Å¸¹©Ò±»»\¡A³o¤S¬O¥t¤@ºØ»Ý­n©ZµM­±¹ïªºÄ³ÃD¡A±N©ó²Ä¤T³¡¥÷´£¥X¡C

¡]¤T¡^¦X¥G¤H¹Dªº¡u¥Í¾÷¶¼­¹¡vÆ[

¦×­¹ªº¬Û¹ï¸q§Y¬O¯À­¹¡A¦Ó°·±d©Êªº¯À­¹¬OÁ¿¨D¦ÛµM¡B¤£§t¤Æ¾Ç²K¥[ª«¡B¤£¦Y¨ýºë¡B¤£°µ¼±¥é°Êª«§Îª¬¤Î¸{»¶¨ýıªºÅÜÅé­¹«~¡C½×ªÌ¤£¦ý¨­Åé¤O¦æ¯À­¹½­ªGªºÀç¾iÄá¨ú¡A¦Ó¥B§¹¥þ׶°£·Ï°sµ¥³Â¾K©Êªºª««~¡A¦P®É¤]¥D±i¦bÅé½è¾A¦X«×ªº±¡ªp¤U¡AÄá­¹¥Í¾÷¶¼­¹¥HºûÅ@¨­Å骺°·±d¡C

¥Í¾÷¶¼­¹­ìºÙ¡u¥Í­¹Àøªk¡v¡A¬O¥Ñ¬ü°ê¤H¦w¡E«Â®æ¼¯º¸³Õ¤h¡]Ann Wigmore¡^­º³Ð¡A¦w³Õ¤h¥Í©ó1909¦~¡A¬O¤@¦ì¥Rº¡·R¤ßªº³Ç¥X¤k©Ê¡C¦o´¿¿©±wÄY­«ªºÃö¸`ª¢¡B°¾ÀYµh»Pª½¸zÀù¡A¾aµÛ¥Í¦Y·sÂAªº¤ÑµM­¹ª«¡A©_Âݦü¦a±o¨ì²¬Â¡¡C¦w³Õ¤h¦b·P®¦¤§¾l¡A¦b¬ü°êªi¤h¹y¦¨¥ß¡u¦ÛµM¥Í­¹°·±d¤¤¤ß¡v¡]Hippocrates Health Institute¡^¡A¦¬®e¨Ó¦Û¥@¬É¦U¦aªº­«¯g¯f±w¡A¯S§O¬OÀù¯g¯f¤H¡C¥Ñ©ó¦¨®ÄÅãµÛ¡A¤f¸O»·¼½¡A©ó¬O³\¦h°ê®aªº¦³¤ß¤H¤h¯É¯É¼}¦W¦Ó¥h¡A¾Ç²ß³o®M¦ÛµM¥Í­¹Àøªk¡AµM«á³°Äò¦^¨ì¦Û¤v°ê®a¦¨¥ß°·±d¤¤¤ß¡AÀ°§U§ó¦h­±Á{µ´¯gªº¯f¤H¡C¥Í­¹Àøªk©ó¥Á°ê¤C¤Q¦~¶Ç¤J¥xÆW¡Aª½¨ì¤G¤Q¥@¬ö¥½¤~¦]´CÅé¬ÛÄ~³ø¾É¡A¥H¤ÎÂå¾Ç±M®aªº±ÀÂ˦Өü­«µø[12]¡C¥Í¾÷¶¼­¹±j½ÕµL¦Ã¬Vªº­ì¥ÍºA¦ÛµM½­ªG¡A²Å¦X¤HÅé¹ï©óºî¦XÀç¾i¤§²f¨ú¡A¦]¬°¥Í¾÷¶¼­¹ªº³Ì¤j¥\¯à¬O¯à°÷¼W±j¤H­Ìªº§K¬Ì¤O¡A©Ò¥H¡A¤£¦ý¥i¥H¾i¥Í¡B«P¶i¸z¹D»P¦å²Gªº²MºZ¡A¦Ó¥B±o¥HÁקKÀù¯gªºµo¥Í¡C

§Ú°ê¥Í¾÷¶¼­¹ªº­Ò¾ÉªÌ¼Ú¶§­^¦Ñ®v¥H¨ä¹ê½îÅéÅ礧¤ß±o¡A»¡©ú¤£½×¬O°·±d¤H©Î¯f¤H¡A¥u­n¯à°÷¹ê½î¥Í¾÷¶¼­¹¡A±N¥i±o¨ì¤­¤j¦n³B¡G²Ä¤@¡B¥i«O«ù¨­Å骺¼ä²b¡F²Ä¤G¡B¥i±N¯fºAªº»Ä©ÊÅé½èÂàÅܬ°°·±dªº®zÆP©ÊÅé½è¡F²Ä¤T¡BÅU¤Î¡u¤­¤jÀç¾i¯À¡v[13]¡A¨ÏÀç¾i§¡¿Å§¹¾ã¡F²Ä¥|¡B¥iÀ°§U¦ÛµM¤JºÎ¡A´£¤ÉºÎ¯v«~½è¡A¨Ï¤H¥R¤À¥ð®§¡F²Ä¤­¡B¥Í¾÷¶¼­¹¯à´£¤É¦å²G±a®ñµ{«×¡A¨Ï¤H¤¸®ð©ô²±[14]¡C

Living Food Diet¢w¢w¡u¥Í¾÷¶¼­¹¡v¡A·Ó¦r¸q¨Ó¬Ý¡A¥¦¬O«ü¯à°÷´£¨Ñ¥Í©R¯à¶q¡B«P¶i¤HÅ騭¤ß°·±dªº¤@ºØ¶¼­¹«¬ºA¡A¦ý¬O¡AÄY®æ¨ÓÁ¿¡A¥Í¾÷¶¼­¹¥²¶·¨ã³Æ´X­Ó±ø¥ó¡G¤@¡B¥Í¾÷¶¼­¹¯Âºé«ü´Óª«©Ê­¹ª«¡A¤£¥]§t°Êª«©Ê­¹ª«¡F¤G¡B¥Í¾÷¶¼­¹¬O«ü¥¼¸g¤H¤uµ{§Ç¤zÂZ©Î¦Ã¬Vªº­¹ª«¡F¤T¡B¥Í¾÷¶¼­¹ªº²i½Õ©M¶i­¹¤è¦¡¡A«O¯d³Ì¦hªº­ì¨ý©MÀç¾i¦¨¥÷[15]¡C½×ªÌªº¯À­¹¨Ó·½«ª©ó¤u§@±ø¥ó©M©~®aÀô¹Ò¡AÁöµMµLªkªø´Á¤j¶qÄá¨ú¥Í¾÷¶¼­¹¡A«o¯à¦b¤@¦³¾÷·|ªº±¡ªp¤U¡A§Y¥H¥Í¾÷¶¼­¹§@¬°·í¤Ñ¡B©Î·íÀ\ªº­¹«~¡A·§¬Ò¯à¦p¹êÅéÅç¨ì¥Í¾÷¶¼­¹ªº§Q¯q¡C

µL½×±qÀç¾iÂå¾Ç©Î«P¶i°·±dªº¥ß³õ¨ÓÀËÃÒ¡A¯À­¹³£¬O²Å¦X¤H¹D¥D¸qªºÀu½è­¹«~¡A¦Ó¥t¤@¤è­±¡A¯À­¹ÁÙºûÅ@¤F¦ÛµM¥ÍºAªº¦@¥ÍÀô¹Ò¡Aµ¹¤©¦a²y¤@­Ó´î§C¯à·½¯Ó·lªº¨}¦n±ø¥ó¡C

¤T¡B²Ä¤G³¡¥÷¡G¥H¡u¥ÍºAÅ@¥Í¡v¬°µÛ²´ªºÀu½èÀô¹ÒÆ[

¡]¤@¡^±q´¼¼z¤j®vªº¹ï¸Ü´¦¶}¥ÍºA¯}Ãaªº­ì¸oÆ[

¯À­¹¥D¸q¤£¦ý¦b¤Hªº¥Í²z¾÷¨î¤W¨ã¦³²Å¦X¤H¹D¥D¸q»P°·±d¤¸¯Àªº°ò¥»±ø¥ó¡A¦Ó¥B¹ï©ó¤HÃþ¤D¦Ü¦ÛµM¬É¸Uª«§¡¨ã¦³Å@¥Íªº¥\¯à¡CÃö©ó³o¤@Æ[ÂI¡A°ê»Ú³Ð»ù¾Ç·|¡]SGl¡^·|ªø¦À¥Ð¤j§@©M­^°ê¾ú¥v­õ¾Ç®a´ö®¦¤ñ¦³´X¬qµo¤H²`¬Ùªº¹ï¸Ü¡]ºI¿ý¡^¡C

¦À¥Ð¤j§@¤ª¡G¦òªk»¡¡u¦ÛµM¬É¥»¨­¬Oºûô¿W¥ß¥Í¦sªº¥Í©Rªº¤@­Ó¦s¦b¡v¡A¨Ã±Ð³ë»¡¡G¡u¤HÃþ¥u¦³©M¦ÛµM¢w¢w§YÀô¹Ò¿Ä¦X¡A¤~¯à¦@¦s©MÀò¯q¡v¡C¦òªkªº¡u¨Ì¥¿¤£¤G¡v­ì²z§Y¥ß¨¬©ó³oºØ¦ÛµMÆ[¡A©ú½T¥D±i¤H©M¦ÛµM¤£¬O¬Û¤¬¹ï¥ßªºÃö«Y¡A¦Ó¬O¤¬¬Û¨Ì¦s¡C¦pªG§â¥DÅé»PÀô¹ÒªºÃö«Y¤À¶}¹ï¥ß°_¨Ó¦Ò¹î¡A´N¤£¥i¯à´x´¤Âù¤èªº¯u¿Í¡C¥Í©R¥DÅé©M©P¾DÀô¹Ò¬O¡u¤@Å餣¤G¡vªºÃö«Y[16]¡C

´ö®¦¤ñ»¡¡G¹ï©ó¨ü§Æþ»y©M©Ô¤B»y±Ð¨|¡A¾Ç²ß°ò·þ±Ð¥H«eªº§Æþ¡Bù°¨¤å¾Çªº¦è¤è¤H¨Ó»¡¡A¡u¨Ì¥¿¤£¤G¡v³o­Ó·§©À¬O¤£­¯¥Íªº¡C¦]¬°³o¤]¦P¼Ë¬O°ò·þ±Ð¥H«eªº§Æþ¡Bù°¨¥@¬Éªº¥@¬ÉÆ[¡C¶Z¤µ¤G¤T¦Ê¦~¥H«e¡AµL½×¤HÃþÁÙ¬O¦a²y¤Wªº¨ä¥L¥Íª«¡A³£ÁÙ¨S¦³µo®i¨ì·´·À¦ÛµM¦Ó±j¦æ»s³y¤H¬°Àô¹Òªºµ{«×¡C¶}©l¦³·NÃѦӥB¥þ­±«I®`¡u¨Ì¥¿¤£¤G¡vªº¬OµS¤Ó¤@¯«±Ð³o­Ó­²©R©Êªº²z©À¡C§ÚºÙ¤§¬°¡u¦b¦t©z¤¤¤Î¨ä­I«áªººë¯«¦s¦b¡v¡A¦bµS¤Ó±Ð¤¤¬O¥H¤Hªº­±¥Ø¥X²{¡A¾®ÁY¬°¤@­Ó¶WµMªº¯«³Q²³¤H«H©^¡C¦b³o­Ó«H©À¤¤¥]§tµÛ¥t¤@­Ó«H©À¡A§Y»{¬°¦t©z¤¤°£¤F³o­Ó¯«¥H¥~¡A¦A¨S¦³¨ä¥L¦³¯«©ÊªºªF¦è¡C

³o­Ó³Ð¥@¥D³Q¬Ý¦¨¬O¦³¤O¶q¡B¦³Åv¤O¦Û¥Ñ³B¸m¦Û¤v³Ð³y¸Uª«ªº¯«¡C¶Z¡m³Ð¥@¬ö¡n²Ä¤@³¹²Ä¤Ü¤»¦Ü²Ä¤T¤Q¸`°O¸ü¡A¯«¤¹³\¤HÃþ¦Û¥Ñ³B¸m¥L©Ò³Ð³yªº¸Uª«¡A¤¹³\¤HÃþ«ö¨äÄ@±æ¥h§Q¥Î¥¦­Ì¡C³o­Ó­²©R©Êªº±Ð¸q¡A¯}Ãa¤F¡u¥¿³ø¡v©M¡u¨Ì³ø¡vªº¤£¤G©Ê¡C¤HÃþ³Q±q¦ÛµMÀô¹Ò¤¤­éÂ÷¶}¨Ó¡A¦ÛµMÀô¹Ò¹L¥hªº¯«¸t¤£¥i«I¥Ç©Ê¤]³à¥¢¤F¡C¦Ó¤HÃþ·íµM¤]´N¥i¥HÀH¤ß©Ò±ý¦a§Q¥Î¤£¦A¬O¯«¸t¤£¥i«I¥ÇªºÀô¹Ò[17]¡C

¦À¥Ð¤j§@¿×¡GÀHµÛ¤HÃþ©ºªA¦ÛµM¡A¶i¦Ó¤£Â_¯}Ãa¦ÛµM¡A¦ÛµM¬É©T¦³ªº¸`«µ¶}©l¯¿¶Ã¡A¨ü¨ì³Ð¶Ëªº¦ÛµM¶}©l¦V¤HÃþ¶i¦æ³ø´_¡C²{¥N¤å©ú¤§©Ò¥H¨«¨ì¯}Ãa¦ÛµM³o¤@¨B¡A¨ä®Ú¥»­ì¦]Âk®Úµ²©³¬O¦p¤U¨â­Ó¡G¤@­Ó¬O»{¬°¦ÛµM¬É¬O»P¤HÃþ¤£¦Pªº¥t¤@¥@¬É¡C¥L­Ì§Ñ°O¤F¦ÛµM¤]¬O«O«ù¤@©w³W«ßªº¡u¥Í©Rªº¦s¦b¡v¡C¾¨ºÞ»P¤HÃþ¥Í©R§Î¦¡¤£¦P¡A¦ý¥»½è¤W¬O»P¤HÃþ¥Í©R¬Û¤¬ÃöÁpªº¡C¥t¤@­Ó­ì¦]¡A¥¿¦p¡]´ö®¦¤ñ¡^³Õ¤h©Ò«ü¥Xªº¡AµS¤Ó¤@¯«±Ð»{¬°¤HÃþ¬O³Ì±µªñ¯«ªº¡A©Ò¥H²z©Ò·íµM­n©ºªA¨ä¥L¥Íª«©M¦ÛµM¡A¨Ï¨ä¬°¤HÃþªA°È[18]¡C

´ö®¦¤ñ»¡¡G­C¿q¬O¥¿²ÎªºµS¤Ó¤H¡A¾Ú¥Lªº¨¥½×°O¸ü¡A¥L¥D±i¸gÀÙ¤Wªº±ý±æ©M¨Í©^¯«¬Oµ´¤£¬Û®eªº¡C¦]¦¹¡A¥L¤Ï¹ï¸gÀÙ­pµe¡B¸ê¥»¿n²Ö©M¬ì¾Ç§Þ³Nµ¥¡C¦Ó¥B¡A¥L¤Ï¹ïÀò¨ú¸gÀÙ³ø¹Sªº¤u§@¡C­C¿q¹ï©ó³g°ý³o­Ó´c¦æ«Ü±Ó·P¡A³o¬O­È±oª`·Nªº¡C¦]¬°­C¿q¦í¦b¤Ú°Ç´µ©Z¡A¦Ó·í®É¤Ú°Ç´µ©ZªºµS¤Ó¤H¤j¦hÁÙ¬O¹A¥Á¡A¥L­Ì«H¦u¡u¨Ì¥¿¤£¤G¡vªººë¯«¡A¤O¨D©M¦ÛµMÀô¹Ò«O«ù½Õ©M¡C¾¨ºÞ¦p¦¹¡A­C¿q¬Ý³z¤F¤HÃþ¦b¥ô¦ó®É¥N¡B¥ô¦ó³õ¦X³£¤Ñ¥Í¨ã¦³ªº³g±ý©Ê¡A¨Ã¹ï¦¹¶i¦æÄþ³d¡C

¤HÃþ­Y­nÁקK·´·À¦Û¤v¡A¥u¦³±q²{¦b°_¹ý©³ªv²z¦Û¤v³y¦¨ªº¦Ã¬V¡A¨Ã¤£¦A¨Ï¨äµo¥Í[19]¡C

¦À¥Ð¤j§@¤ª¡G³Ìªñ´X¦~¥H¨Ó¡A¥@¬É¦U¦a¤£Â_µo¥Í¦UºØÄY­«ªº¦ÛµM¨a®`¡A³o¬O¹L¥h¼Æ¤d¦~¶¡¨u¦³ªº²{¶H¡C¨Ò¦p¡G1968¦~¡A¸q¤j§Qµo¥Í¤j¬x¤ô¡A¤¤°ê¡B«nÁúµo¥Í¤j§ò¨a¡C1970¦~°ª¹F49«×ªº¼ö­·Å§±²¤F¦L«×©M®J¤Î¡A³y¦¨ºG­«ªº¶Ë¤`¡C¾Ú®ð¶H®a»¡¡A´X¦~¨Óµo¥Í³o¨Ç¨a®`ªº­ì¦]¡A¬O¥Ñ©óÂл\¦b¤é¥»©M¬ü°ê¡B¼Ú¬wµ¥¦a°Ïªº´X¸U¦~¨Ó¨S¦³¹Lªº²§±`ªº®ðÀ£¤À¥¬¡C³oºØ®ðÀ£ªºÅÜ°Ê¡Aµ¹¾ã­Ó¦a²yªº¤j®ð¹B°Ê±a¨Ó¤F¼vÅT¡A¤]³\¬O³o­Ó­ì¦]¡AÆ[´ú¨ì¦a²yªº¦ÛÂà³t«×¥[§Ö¤F¤@¸U¤À¤§¤TÂI¤­¬í¡A¦³¤£¤Ö¤H»{¬°¡A¤HÃþ¯}Ãa¦ÛµM¬O¨ä¤¤ªº¤@­Ó­ì¦]¡C§Ú»{¬°¥²¶·ÄYµÂ¦Ò¼{¤HÃþ¦æ¬°¹ï¦ÛµM¹B¦æ¡B¦ÛµM¬Éªº¨ó½Õ©Ò²£¥Íªº¼vÅT¡CÄY®æ­­¨î¨º¨Ç¾¨ºÞ¤Q¤À·L¤p¦ý«o¥¥¨|µÛ¦MÀIªº¦æ¬°[20]¡C

´ö®¦¤ñ»¡¡G¤HÃþªº¤O¶q¼vÅT¨ìÀô¹Ò¡A¤w¸g¨ì¤F·|¾É­P¤HÃþ·À¤`ªºµ{«×¡A³oºØ±¡ªp¦ü¤w½T©wµLºÃ¡C¦pªG¤HÃþ¬°¤Fº¡¨¬³g±ý¦ÓÄ~Äò¨Ï¥Î³o¨Ç¤O¶q¡A¥²±N¦Û¨ú·À¤`¡C­n¹ï¥I¤O¶q©Ò±a¨Óªº¨¸´cµ²ªG¡A»Ý­nªº¤£¬O¡u´¼¤O¡v¡A¦Ó¬O¡u­Û²z¹D¼w¡v¡C¬ì¾Ç¹ï­Û²z¨Ó»¡¡A¥uÄݩ󤤥ߪº¤@ºØ´¼¤O¤u§@¡C©Ò¥H¡A¬ì¾Ç¤£Â_µo¹F¨s³º·|±a¨Ó«ç¼Ëªºµ²ªG¡A­Y¥Î­Û²z¤Wµ½´cªº·§©À¨Ó»¡¡A´N¦b©ó¬ì¾Ç¬O³Qµ½¥ÎÁÙ¬O³Q´c¥Î¡C¬ì¾Ç©Ò³y¦¨ªº¦UºØ´cªG¡A¤£¯à¥Î¬ì¾Ç¥»¨­¨Ó®Úªv[21]¡C

¦À¥Ð¤j§@¤ª¡G¬ì¾Ç§Þ³N¬O¤£À³¸Ó³Q¥Î©ó©ºªA©M²Îªv¥]¬A¦UºØ¥Íª«¦b¤ºªº¦ÛµM¬É³o¤@¥Øªº¤W¡C¬ì¾ÇÀ³¸Ó¬O¥Î¨Ó¨Ï¤HÃþ»P¦ÛµMªº¸`«µ¨ó½Õ¡A¨Ï¨ä¦³³W«ßªº¬¡°Ê¡Aµo´§³Ì¤j­­«×ªº®Ä¥Î¡C¦]¦¹¡A¬ì¾Ç®a¥H¤Î²{¥Nªº©Ò¦³¤H¡AµL½×¦p¦ó­n±q¦Û¤v¥Í©R¤º³¡§ïÅܹï«Ý¦ÛµMªººA«×¡C©v±Ð¦b³o¸ÌÀ³¸Ó¦³»â¾É¬ì¾Ç§Þ³N¤å©úªº§@¥Î¡C¤]´N¬O»¡¡A­º¥ý­n¥Î©v±Ðªº²z©À¨ÓÂà´«²{¥N¤Hªº«ä·Q¡FµM«á¡A³o¨Ç¸g¹LÅÜ­²ªº¤H­Ì¦A¥H¬ì¾Ç®a©M§Þ³N¤H­û¬°®Ö¤ß¡A¬ã¨s¦p¦ó§â¬ì¾Ç§Þ³N«ê·í¦aÀ³¥Î©óÀô¹Ò¡F¥H¦¹¬°°òÂI¡A¦A¶i¤@¨B¥h¿Ñ¨D·s¶¥¬qªº¬ì¾Ç§Þ³Nªºµo®i¡C    ¢w¢w¥u¦³³z¹L³o¼Ë¤T­Ó¶¥¬q¡A¤~¯à°÷¨¾¤î¤Hº×©M¬ì¾Ç¶i¨B¦P®É¦¨¬°¥i¯à[22]¡C

´ö®¦¤ñ»¡¡GµL½×­Ó¤HÁÙ¬O¶°Åé¡A¥u¦³©v±Ð¤~¯à§ïÅܤHÃþªº¤ßÆF¡A¨Ï¨ä§JªA¤HÃþ¥»©Ê¾÷¯à¤¤ªº¦Û§Ú¡C¤HÃþªº¤O¶q¶V¤j¡A´N¶V»Ý­n©v±Ð¡C´N¬ì¾ÇªºÀ³¥Î¦Ó¨¥¡A¦p¨ä¤£¨ü©v±Ðªº±Ò­}©Mµ½¾É¡A¬ì¾Ç´N·|³Q¥Î©óº¡¨¬±ý±æ¡C³o»ò¤@¨Ó¡A¬ì¾Ç´N·|·¥¦³¦¨®Ä¦a¬°¡]¤£·íªº©ÎÅ]©Êªº¡^±ý±æªA°È¡Aµ²ªG¥²µM¾É­P·´·À[23]¡C

°ê»Ú³Ð»ù¾Ç·|·|ªø¦À¥Ð¤j§@©M­^°ê¾ú¥v­õ¾Ç¤j®v´ö®¦¤ñªº³o´X¬qºëªö¹ï¸Ü¡A´¦¥Ü¤F´X­Ó­«­n½×ÂI¡G

²Ä¤@¡B¤HÃþ¥u¦³©M¦ÛµM¢w¢w§Y©MÀô¹Ò¿Ä¦X¡A¤~¯à¦@¦s©MÀò¯q¡C¦òªkªº¡u¨Ì¥¿¤£¤G¡v­ì²z§Y¥ß¨¬©ó³oºØ¦ÛµMÆ[¡A©ú½T¥D±i¤H©M¦ÛµM¤£¬O¬Û¤¬¹ï¥ßªºÃö«Y¡A¦Ó¬O¤¬¬Û¨Ì¦sªº¦@¦PÅé¡C

²Ä¤G¡BµS¤Ó¤@¯«±Ð±NÀÀ¤H¤Æªº³Ð¥@¥D¬Ý¦¨¬O¦³¤O¶q¡B¦³Åv¤O¦Û¤v³B¸m¨ü³yª«ªº¯«¡A¯«¤¹³\¤HÃþ¦Û¥Ñ³B¸m¥L©Ò³Ð³yªº¸Uª«¡C³o­Ó­²©R©Êªº±Ð¸q¡A¯}Ãa¤F¡u¥¿³ø¡v©M¡u¨Ì³ø¡vªº¡u¤£¤G©Ê¡v¡C¤HÃþ³Q±q¦ÛµMÀô¹Ò¤¤­éÂ÷¶}¨Ó¡A¦ÛµMÀô¹Ò¹L¥h¯«¸t¤£¥i«I¥Ç©Ê³à¥¢¤F¡C¤]´N¬O»¡¡A³g°ý¦ÓµLª¾ªº¤H³Ð³y¤F¤@­Ó²Å¦X¦Û¤v¼¤¨DÄ@±æªº³yª«¥D¡A¦AÂǥѵêÀÀ¤Æªº¯«¦®¡A¨Ó¬°¦Û¤v®_¨î¸Uª«¡B¯}Ãa¦ÛµM¥ÍºA§ä¨ì¤@­Ó¦X²z¤Æ¡B¥¿·í©ÊªºÂǤf¢w¢w¤H¥i¥H¦Y«D§Ú±ÚÃþªº©Ò¦³¥Í©R¡A¤H¥i¥H©ºªA¡B¯}Ãa¦ÛµM¡C¦ý¬O¡A¾ú¥v¤W¯u¹ê¦s¦b¹Lªº­C¿q¡A«o¤£ÎA¦P¦¹¤@Æ[©À©M§@ªk¡C

²Ä¤T¡B¤HÃþªº³g°ý¤O¶q¼vÅT¨ìÀô¹Ò¡A¤w¸g¨ì¤F·|¾É­P¤HÃþ·À¤`ªºµ{«×¡A­n¹ï¥I³oºØ¤O¶q©Ò±a¨Óªº¨¸´cµ²ªG¡A»Ý­nªº¤£¬O´¼¡]°Ó¡^¤O¡A¦Ó¬O¡u­Û²z¹D¼w¡v¡C¤]´N¬O»¡¡A­n¥Î°ª¯Å©v±Ð©Ò³W½dªº­Û²z¹D¼w¡A¨Ó»â¾É¬ì¾Ç§Þ³Nªº¹B¥Î¤è¦V¡A¤~¯à¨¾¤î»F¦]©ó¤Hº×ªº¤Ñ¨a¤§·´·À©Ê´d¼@µo¥Í¡C

¡]¤G¡^±q¥ÍºA¾Ç»¡½ÍÅ@¥Íªº²z½×«Øºc

´ö®¦¤ñ¤j®v©M¦À¥Ð¤j§@ªº­õ¾Ç©Ê¹ï¸Ü¡A¬ðÅã¤F¤H»P¦ÛµM¬Û¨Ì¦@¦sªº¡u¨Ì¥¿¤£¤G¡v²z©À¡A¤]±j½Õ¤F¨ã¦³¤º¬Ù¯à¤Oªº©v±Ð¡A¥i¥H§@¬°³W½d¤HÃþ«ä·Q¦æ¬°ªº·Ç÷¡C¬°¦¹¡A½×ªÌ«w»{«Øºc¥¿ª¾¥¿¨£ªº¥ÍºA¾Ç¡A¥ç¨¬¥H¥Î¨ÓÅã¸à¥H¼s¸qªºÅ@¥ÍÆ[©À§@¬°¯À­¹¥D¸qªº²z½×°ò¦¡C

¥ÍºA¾Ç¡]Ecology¡^¬O¼w°ê¥Íª«¾Ç®a®ü§Jº¸©ó1866¦~©Ò´£¥X¡A¥L§â¥ÍºA¾Ç©w¸q¬°¬ã¨s¦³¾÷Åé¤Î»PÀô¹Ò¤§¶¡¬Û¤¬Ãö«Yªº¬ì¾Ç¡C¥L«ü¥X¡G§Ú­Ì¥i¥H§â¥ÍºA¾Ç²z¸Ñ¬°¦³¾÷Åé»P©P³ò¥~³¡¥@¬ÉÃö«Yªº¤@¯ë¾Ç¬ì¡A¥~³¡¥@¬É¬O¼s¸qªº¥Í¦s±ø¥ó[24]¡C

1935¦~¡A©Z´µ§Q¡]Tansley¡^«Ø¥ß¥ÍºA¨t²Î·§©À¡A¥Lªø´Á±q¨Æ´Óª«¸s¸¨ªº¬ã¨s¡A¥L»¡¡G¡u¥u¦³§Ú­Ì±q®Ú¥»¤W»{ÃѨ즳¾÷Å餣¯à»P¨ä¥L©Ò³BªºÀô¹Ò¤ÀÂ÷¡A¦Ó¬O»P©Ò³BªºÀô¹Ò§Î¦¨¤@­Ó¦ÛµM¥ÍºA¨t²Î¡A¥¦­Ì¤~·|¤Þ°_§Ú­Ìªº­«µø¡v¡C¨Ã¶i¤@¨B«ü¥X¡A¦b¤@©wªºªÅ¶¡¤º¡A¥Íª«©M«D¥Íª«¦¨¥÷¡A³q¹Lª«½èªº´`Àô©M¯à¶qªº¬y°Ê¦Ó§Î¦¨¥ÍºA¾Ç¥\¯à³æ¦ì¡A¥i·§¬A¬°¥Íª«¸s¸¨©M«D¥Íª«Àô¹Ò²Õ¦¨ªº¥ÍºA¾ãÅé[25]¡C

±N¥ÍºA¾ÇªºÀ³¥Î¾Ç²zµ²¦XÀô¹Ò¾Ç»PªÀ·|¬ì¾Çªº¨t²Î²z½×¡C´£¥X¥ÍºA¨t²Î²z½×ªº¾ÇªÌ¬O¬ü°ê¥ÍºA¾Ç®aE.P.¼Ú¼w©i¡C¼Ú¼w©i±Ð±Â±N¥ÍºA¨t²Îªººt¶i¹Lµ{·§¤À¬°¤TºØª¬ºA¡G¤@¬O¥¿¡]¦V¡^¹L´çª¬ºA¡G¿é¤J¶W¹L¯à¶q¿é¥X¡AÁ`¥Í²£¶W¹LÁ`©I§l¶q¡A³o¬O¼Wªøªº¨t²Î¡F¤G¬O­t¡]­±¡^¹L´çª¬ºA¡G¯à¶q¿é¥X¤j©ó¯à¶q¿é¤J¡A®ø¯Ó¤j©ó¿n²Ö¡A¨t²Î³B©ó°I¦Ñ®ø°h¶¥¬q¡F¤T¬Oí©wª¬ºA¡A¨t²Î¯à¶q¿é¥X»P¿é¤J¬Ûµ¥¡C¦b¥ÍºA¥­¿Åªºª¬ºA¤U¡A¥ÍºA¨t²Î¨Ì¿à¦Û¨­ªº¤ÏõX¾÷¯à¡A½Õ¸Ñ©Mºû«ù¥¿±`ªº¥\¯à¡A·í¨ü¨ì¤z¹w®É¡A¥¦´N·|¹B¥Î½Õ¸`¾÷¨î¡A³Ì¤j­­«×¦a«OÅ@¦Û§Ú¡A¦b¥­¿Åª¬ºA¤U¡A¥ÍºA¨t²Î¤º³¡²Õ¦¨¦¨¤À¤§¶¡¡A¥Íª«¸s¸¨»PÀô¹Ò¤§¶¡¡A³£§Î¦¨¤@©wªº¯´§Ç¡A·í¥~³¡¤z¹w¶W¹L¤F¥ÍºA¨t²Îªº¦UºØ­­«×®É¡A´N·|¥X²{¥ÍºA¥¢½Õ¡C[26]

´N²´«e¥þ²yªº¦ÛµM¥ÍºAÀô¹ÒÆ[¤§¡A¤HÃþ©Ò³Bªº¥ÍºA¨t²Î¥¿³B©ó¼Ú¼w©i±Ð±Â©Ò¬É©wªº­t¡]­±¡^¹L´çª¬ºA¡C¦Ó¦¹¤@¹L´çª¬ºA¬O§_¯àÂǥѦìV¨¾ªvªº¬ì¾Ç¤â¬q¡A¹F¨ì²Ä¤T¶¥¬qªºÃ­©wª¬ºA¡A¥Ñ³o´X¦~¦a²y¦ÛµMÀô¹Òªº¥[³t´c¤Æµ{«×¡A¥i¥H¹wª¾³o²ª½¬O½t¤ì¨D³½ªº¤Û·Q¡A¦]¬°¡A¤w¶}µo°ê®a¡]¤×¨ä¥H¬ü°ê©~­º¦ì¡^©Ò¯Ó¥Îªº¦a²y¸ê·½¡A¥H¤Î¦]¤u°Ó·~¡B®Ö¤Æ¤uµ{©M¯bªª¾i´Þ©Ò³y¦¨ªº¦Ã¬V¡A»·¤ñ¤`¦Ï¸É¨c¦üªº¨¾ªv¦¨ªG°ª¥X¼Æ¤d¸U­¿¡C´N¦ÛµM¥ÍºA©Ò§tÄ᪺¦a¤O¸ê·½¦Ó¨¥¡A¯bªª¡u¸gÀٰʪ«¡v©Ò³y¦¨ªº°ª¦Ã¬V©M¸ê·½¯ÓºÜ­t¼Æ¡A¥¿¬O¾ãÅé¦a²y¦ÛµM¥ÍºA¨t²Î¥¢¿Åªº¥D­n¦]¯À¤§¤@¡C

®Ú¾Ú¬ü°ê¡u¤H¹D¹ï«Ý°Êª«¨ó·|¡v¡]People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals¡APETA¡^©Ò§@ªº¬ì¾Ç©Ê½Õ¬d¬ã¨s¡A70%ªº¬ü°ê¦è³¡¤½¦³¤g¦a¤¤¡A¤û¦Ï°Ù»k¤F90%ªº¯ó®Æ¡C¹L«×©ñªªªºµ²ªG³y¦¨¬ü°ê¤j³°¬ù¤T¤À¤§¤@ªº§ò¦a¤£¥i®¾¦^ªº¨Fºz¤Æ¡CÁ`¥[°_¨Ó¡A¬ü°ê¤w³à¥¢¤T¤À¤§¤Gªºªí¤g¡C¨ä¤¤85%¬O°_©ó¯bªª¡]¬ü°ê¹A¦a87%¥Î©ó¥Í²£¹}®Æ¢w¢w¥]¬Aªª³õ¡B©ñªª°Ï©M¨Ñµ¹¸gÀٰʪ«­¹¥Îªº½\ª«²£¦a¡C1/4½S³t­¹º~³ù©Ò¥Îªº¤û¦×¡A¥²»Ý·´±¼55¥­¤è­^¤Øªº«BªL¨ÓÁý¾i¡C¥Ø«e·´©ó«BªLªº50%¬Oª½±µ°_©ó®a¯b¹}¾i¡C¬°¤F¥Í²£80¯s¥qªº¤û¦×¡A45¨ì50­Ó¤H¨C¤Ñ¥i¥H±o¨ìº¡º¡ªº¤@¸J½\Ãþ¶º¡C¤@­Ó¥H¦×­¹¬°¥Dªº¤H©Ò¥Îªº¤g¦a¡A¥i¥HÅý20­Ó¯Â¯Àªº¤H¦Y¹¡[27]¡C

¥Ñ©ó¦×­¹©Ò»Ý¡A80%¬ü°ê¥X²£ªº¥É¦Ì©M95%¬ü°ê²£ªº¿P³Á³£Áý¤F¯b¤f¡C¥Í²£¤@½S¤û±Æ»Ý­n16½S½\Ãþ©M¤j¨§¡C¤@­^¯a¥Ð¥i¥H¥Í²£¨â¤d½Sªº°¨¹aÁ¦¡A´«¥H¥Í²£¤û±Æ«h¥u¦³165½S¡C¥Í²£¤@½S¦×¡A»Ý­n2500¦Ü6000¥[±[ªº¤ô¡A¦ý¥Í²£¤@½S¤p³Á¥u»Ý25¥[±[ªº¤ô¡C¬ü°ê¬¹¤f±Æ¥XªºÁT«K¤ñ¬ü°ê¤H±Æ¥XªÌ°ª20­¿¡A¦ý¥Ñ©ó¨S¦³¤U¤ô¹D³]³Æ¡A³o¨ÇÁT«K¤j¦h¬y¤J¤ô·½[28]¡C

¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¤W­z¼Æ¾Ú¥u¬O¾ãÅé¦a²y¦ÛµM¥ÍºA¨ü®`ªº§½³¡¡A¦]¬°¦×­¹¤§»Ý©Ò²£¥ÍªºÀô¹Ò¦Ã¬V©M¸ê·½¯ÓºÜ¡A»·¸û¬ì¾Ç½Õ¬d¬ã¨s©ÒÅã¥Üªº¼Æ¾ÚÁÙ­nÄY­«³\¦h¡C½×ªÌªº®a¶m¢w¢w¥xÆW¡E«ÌªF¿¤ªu®ü¦a±a¦]¤G¤Q¥@¬ö¤C¡³¦~¥N¤j¶q¾i´Þ¥~¾P¤é¥»ªºÅÁ³½¡A¸g¼Æ¤Q¦~¼s­±¦Ó²`«×ªº©â¦a¤U¤ô¨Ó»W¾i°ª¸gÀÙ¤ô´Þ°Êª«¡A¥H­Pµo¥ÍÄY­«ªº¦a¼h¤U³´¡A¨C³{»ä­·»¨«B«Iŧ¡Aªu®ü¶mÂí»E¸¨´X¦¨¿A°ê¡C¦Ó¤º³°¦a°Ï«h¦]ªø´Á¹}¾i½Þ¡BÀn¡BÂû¸V¡A±N¯b¾iªºÁT«K±Æ©ñ¦Ü·¾¦`·Ë¬y¡A­P¨Ï¤j³¡¥÷¤ô·½§¡§i®ñ¤Æ¡A­ì¥»¬üÄRªº¹A¶mÅܦ¨«E»Ý¥H¼Æ¦Ê¤d­¿©ó©¹©õ¯bªª©Ò¦¬Ã¬ªº°]¬F¥N»ù¡A¨Ó¶Eªv¦ÛµMÀô¹Ò¡A¥i¿×±o¤£Àv¥¢¡C°£¦¹¤§¥~¡A­Y¯¸¦b«ÌªF¬ì§Þ¤j¾Çªº¦æ¬F¤j¼Ó¤T¼Ó©¹°ª«Ì¥­­ì»·²·¡A¨º¤@±æµL»ÚªºÂb·}¶é¡A³º¦¨¤F¤ô¤g«O«ùªº¹ÚÆL¡A½×ªÌ¸g±`©ó´H´»°²ªð«Ì±´¿Ë¡A­Ý°µ¥Í©R±Ð¨|±Ð¾Ç¨t²Îªº¥Ð³¥½Õ¬d¡A¨C¨£¸gÀٰʪ«¯b¾i¥H¤ÎÄAÂФ½¯qªºÂb·}¹Mº¡¶m­ì¡A¤ßùتº¼~±­¡B·P´n«Dµ§¾¥©Ò¯à§Î®e¡C

±´¨s¥þ²y©ÊªºÀô¹Ò´c¤Æ­ì¥Ñ¡A¥H½×ªÌ¼Æ¤Q¸ü©Ò±q¨Æªº²z½×¬ã¨s©M¹ê½îÅéÅç·P®©¡A²`ª¾±ý±q¥ÍºA¾Çªº²`¼h­±¦V¨ÓºûÅ@¦ÛµMÀô¹ÒªºÀu½èµo®i¡A°ß¦³±q¤W´åºI¬yªº¤è¦¡±q·½ÀY°µ°_¡A¤è¦³¥i¯à¹ý©³¸Ñ¨M¤H»P¦ÛµM²¨Â÷ªº¯fÅÜ¡A¤]°ß¦³±q¤f¸¡¤§¼¤ªº¥Í¬¡²ßºD¤¤¼nµMı¿ô¡A¥ÍºAÅ@¥Í¤uµ{¤~¯àÀò±o®Ú¥»ªº¶i®i¡C

¸Û¦p¬ü°ê¾ú¥v¾Ç®aÃh¯S¡]Lynn White¡^¦b¨ä½×¤å¡u¥ÍºA¦M¾÷ªº¾ú¥v®Ú·½¡v¡]The Historical Root of Our Ecologic Crisis¡^¤¤©Ò»¡ ¡G¡u§Ú­ÌÀ³¦p¦ó¹ï«Ý¦ÛµMÀô¹Ò¡A§¹¥þ¨Ì¾Ú§Ú­Ì¦p¦ó¬Ý«Ý¤H»P¦ÛµM¤§¶¡ªºÃö«Y¡C¦A¦hªº¬ì§Þ¤]µLªk¸Ñ°£·í«eªº¥ÍºA¦M¾÷¡A°£«D§Ú­Ì§ä¨ì¤@­Ó·s©v±Ð¡A©Î­«·sÀ˼f§Ú­Ì­ì¦³ªº©v±Ð[29]¡v¡C¦¹¤@½×ÂI¡A¤]¬°¤ñº¸¡E¼wºû¡]Bill Deall¡^©M³ìªv¡E¹p´Ë¡]George Sessions¡^¨â¦ì¾ÇªÌ©Ò»{¦P¡A¥L­Ì¶i¤@¨B±N¡u²`¼h¥ÍºA¾Ç¡v¡]deep ecology¡^ªºÆ[ÂI°µ¤F§ó¤Á¦X¥Í©R­Û²z·N²[ªº¸àÄÀ ¡G¡u²`¼h¥ÍºA¾Ç¤£«]­­©ó¯U¹iªº²´¥ú¬Ý«ÝÀô¹Ò°ÝÃD¡A¤D¸Õ¹Ï«Øºc¤@­Ó¼s¤j¶êº¡¦ÓÄ­§t©v±Ð©M­õ¾Çªº¥@¬ÉÆ[¡C¨ä°ò¥»·N²[¦b©ó¨â­Ó²×·¥¯S½è¡G¦Û§Ú¹ê²{¡]self-realization¡^»P¥H¥Íª«¬°¤¤¤ßªº¥­µ¥©Ê[30]¡v¡C¬Gª¾¡A±ý®Ú¥»§ó¤Æ¥Ø«eªº¥ÍºA¦M¾÷¡A°ß¦³±q¥¿µø¡u²³¥Í¥­µ¥¡vªº¥Í©R­Û²z·NÃѨӳþ°ò¡A¤~¦³¥i¯à§ä¨ìÅ@¥Íªº¥X¤f¡C

¥|¡B²Ä¤T³¡¥÷¡G¥H¡u²³¥Í¥­µ¥¡v¬°¥ß³õªº¥Í©R­Û²zÆ[

¡]¤@¡^¥H¡u½t°_©Ê¡v¬°®Ö¤ßªº¥Í©R­Û²z¸q¿Í

½×ªÌ¦b¤µ¡]¥Á°ê94¦~¡^¦~¥|¤ë¤E¤é©ó¸q¦u¤j¾ÇÁ|¿ìªº¡u2005µØ¤å¦a°Ï¤j¾Ç³qÃѱШ|°ê»Ú¾Ç³N¬ã°Q·|¡v¤¤¡A´£¥X¤@½g¦W¬°¡q¥Í©RºÞ²z¾Çªº¼ç©Ê¸g½n¡G¡u²³¥Í¥­µ¥¡v»¡¢w¢w²³¥Í¥­µ¥«ä·Qªº³qÃÑ·N²[¡r½×¤å¸Ì¡A±NÁÙ­ì¡u²³¥Í¥­µ¥¡vªº«ä·Q¤èªk·§©w¬°¥|¶µ³q«h¡A³o¤D¬Oµ²¦X¤F¦ò±Ð½t°_½×©M¾§®a©ö¹D¸g½nªº´X«h¤£©öªk«h¡G²Ä¤@¡B¡u­ì©l¤Ï²×¡v­ì²z¡GÂǥѩö¨ö¤øÅܪº¡u­é¡v¡B¡u´_¡v­y«h¡A»¡©ú³±¶§´_¤Ï¡B²×©l¬Û¦¨ªº¹D²z¡C²Ä¤G¡B¦]ªG¹ï¤Ï«ß«h¡GÂǥѵØÄY«ä·Q¤¤ªº¡u²ÎÄ᪺µ²ºc¡v¡]integrative tructure¡^¡A¨Ó¸àÄÀ¡u¦]ªG¹ï¤Ï¡v©w«ß«ê¦nÃÒ¹ê¤F¤ß¡B¦ò¡B²³¥Í¤TµL®t§Oªº¥­µ¥¸q¿Í¡C²Ä¤T¡B¡u¤T¥@¤¬¬Û¨£¡v­ì«¬¡GÂǵۤQ¤G¦]½tªkªº´`Àô­y¹D¡A±N®É¡BªÅ¡B¦]¡BªG¡B·~³ø¡B½ü°jªº¥Í©R½è¯À¡A³e¦ê¬°¡u¦]ªG¦P®É¡v¡B¡u®ÉªÅ¦P¦ì¡vªº¤T¥@µ¥¦P¤@©À¤§¡u½t°_©ÊªÅ¡v¸q¡C²Ä¥|¡B¡u¤£¼W¤£´î¡vªº¯u¿Í¡G±N¦ò±Ð¡u¯ë­Yªiù±K¦h¤ß¸g¡vªººëÄ­¡A¿ÄűÅé²{¦b¡u¤£¥Í¤£·À¡B¤£«¯¤£²b¡B¤£¼W¤£·À¡vªº¡u½ÑªkªÅ¬Û¡v¤¤¡A¨ÃÂǦ¹¡u¤­Ä­¬ÒªÅ¡vªº¤¤¹D¸q¿Í¡A·Ó¯}¤ßª«¤G¤¸¹ï¥ßªºµê¦k©Ê¡A¬O«h¡u²³¥Í¥­µ¥¡vªº¹ê¸q¤D¯àÅé²{¦b¡u½ÑªkªÅ¬Û¡vªº¸t¤Z¤@¦p¹Ò¬É¤¤[31]¡C

½×ªÌÂǵۤ@¡B¡u­ì©l¤Ï²×¡v­ì²z¡A¤G¡B¡u¦]ªG¹ï¤Ï¡v«ß«h¡A¤T¡B¡u¤T¥@¤¬¬Û¨£¡v­ì«¬¡A¥H¤Î¥|¡B¡u¤£¼W¤£´î¡v¯u¿Í¡AÅã¸à¤F²³¥Í¥­µ¥ªº¤£©ö³q«h¡A¦¹¤@³q«h¤£¶È¯à°÷´¦¥Üª«§Ú¤@¦p¡B±ë§Ú¤@¦p¡B¨Ì¥¿¤£¤Gªº¹D²z¡A¦P®É¤]Åé²{¤F¯À­¹¥D¸qªº²×·¥·N¸q¡C³o§Y¬O»¡¡A¥Á­Mª«»P¡BµL½t¤j·O¡B¦PÅé¤j´dªº¥­µ¥©Ê¡A¥¿¬O¥@¥X¥@¶¡¤@¤Á¥Í©R¦@¿Ä¨Ì¦sªº®Ö¤ß»ù­È¡C½×­z¦Ü¦¹¡A§Y¥i¦^·¹¤W­z¨â¤j³¡¥÷©Ò¿×¡u¥H¤H¹D¥D¸q¬°«e´£ªº°·±d¶¼­¹Æ[¡v©M¡u¥H¥ÍºAÅ@¥Í¬°µÛ²´ªºÀu½èÀô¹ÒÆ[¡v¡A·§¬Ò»¡©ú¤F¨ä¦P½è·N²[¡A§Y¬O¤@¤Á«e´£¡B¤@¤ÁµÛ²´³£Â÷¤£¶}¦òªû±Ðªkªº¡u½t°_©Ê¡v¡C¡u½t°_©Ê¡v¬O¥ÍºAÅ@¥Íªº«ü¾É­ì«h¡A¬O¤H¹D¨¥«ä»P¦æ¬°ªº·Ç¾Ú¡A¤]¬OÁÙ­ì¤@¤Á¯u¬Û¡B¦^Âk¾ãÅ餽¸qªº¥Í©R¼Ï¯Ã¡C

«Øºc¦b¡u½t°_©Ê¡vªº¡u²³¥Í¥­µ¥Æ[¡v¥ç¥i±q´X­Ó­±¦V¤W¨Ó½×­z¡A¡]¤@¡^¦P¬°ªÅ¶¡¤ºªº¤@¤Áªk¢w¢wª«½è¡B¤ßÃÑ¡B¥Í©R¡A¬Ý¦ü­Ó§O¿W¥ß¡A¦Ó¨ä¹ê³£¬O¬Û¨Ì¬Û¦¨ªº½t°_ªk¡C¡]¤G¡^±q®É¶¡ªº¤T¥@¡]¹L¥h¥@¡B²{¦b¥@¡B¥¼¨Ó¥@¡^¨Ó»¡¡A¤@¤Á²³¥Í¦]¡u§Ú¨£¡v¡]°_©ó¡u§Ú°õ¡v¡^¤£±Ë¡A©Ò¥H·RµÛ¨­¤ß»E¦Xªº¥Í©R¡F¦º¤w´_¥Í¡A¥Í¥Í¤£¤w¡C¦b³o¥ÃµL¥ð·²ªº¥Í©R®Èµ{¤¤¡A¨C­Ó¤H»P¤@¤Á²³¥Í¡A±qµL©l¥H¨Ó¡A³£¦³µÛ«D±`±K¤ÁªºÃö«Y¡A¹LµÛ¦@¦P¦Ó±K¤Áªº¥Í¬¡¡A¹L¥h¥¼¨ÓªºµL¼Æ¥Í¤¤¡A¥L­Ì³£«Ü¦³¥i¯à´¿¬°¡u§Úªº¤÷¥À¡A§Úªº¥S§Ì©n©f¡A§Úªº¤Ò°ü¨à¤k¡v¡C¥Ñ¦¹¥HÆ[¡A¤@¤Á²³¥Í¹ï§Ú³£¦³®¦¼w¡C¶i¤@¨BÅé·|¡G¤@¤Á¤£¹L¬O¦]½tªº´êªy¡A¨º¥Ã«í¤£ÅÜ¡B³æ¿W§Î¦¨¡B¯u¹ê¤£µêªº¦Û©Ê¨Ã¤£¦s¦b[32]¡C¡]¤T¡^¥¿¤Ï¬Û¦¨¡B¦]ªG¦P¤@ªº¤£©ö©Ê¡A¬O³sµ²«ä·Q»P¦æ¬°¡A¦æ¬°»Pµ²ªG¡Aµ²ªG»P´_ªðªº¦]¤l¬Û¥Í¬Û¦¨¡A¥H¦Üºc¦¨³sµLºÉ¤§¥­µ¥ÅÞ¿è¡C©Ò¥H¡A¤@©Àªº°_©l¡A¤@ºØ¦æ¬°ªº³y§@¡A³£·|²£¥Í­ì©l¤Ï²×ªº¤¸½è©Ê¡C©Ò¥H¡A¡u²³¥Í¥­µ¥¡v¦b¥»½è¤W§Y¦XÄá¤F¤@¤Á¥Í©Rªº¤º¥~Åé¬Û©M¹B¦æ­y¸ñ¡C

¡]¤G¡^´¦¥Ü¡u¤H¥»¥D¸q¡vªº¹ê½î·NÃÑ¡G²³¥Í¥­µ¥Æ[

§ó¶i¤@¨B¨Ó±´°Q¥Í©Rªº²`¼hµ²ºc¡A¦t©z¸Uª«ªº¥DÅé©Ê¬O¡u¤H¡v¡A¦¹¤@¡u¤H¡vªº¦ì®æ¬O«Ø¥ß¦b­Û²z»ù­È¤Wªº¡CÁöµM¡A¦è¤èªº¯«¾Ç±N¯«»P¤H°µ¤F¤W¤U¹ï¤Ïªº²z¸Ñ¡A¨ÌµÛ¯«ªº¨v¹³»P²Å¦X¡u·Rªº»|©R¡v¡A¦Ó³þ©w¤F¤H¶¡©Êªº­Û²zÆ[¡A¤H¦b¤W«Ò¤§¤U¡A¬O§@¬°¥NºÞ¤@¤Á¸Uª«ªº®_¨îªÌ¡A¦ý¬O¡A¨äª§Ä³ÂI«h¤@ª½µLªk¦b¶W¶V¥H¤H¬°¥»¦ìªº¹D¼w¹ê½î¤W¡A§ä¨ì»¡ªA¥þ¤HÃþ©Ò¦³¥Í©R«H¥õªº³q½è©Ê¡C¦b³o¤è­±¡A¦ò±Ðªº­Û²zÆ[¡A«o¯à¸Ñµª¥Í©R°_·½»P²³¥Í¥­µ¥ªº¦t©z¶ø¯µ¡C¦Ó¥B¬°¾ãÅé¦t©z¥Í©R½T¥ß¤F¡u¤H¡v¥²¶·¬°¦Û¤vªº«ä·Q¦æ¬°©Ó¾á³d¥ôªº³q«h¡C

¦ò±Ð¥ß°ò©ó¡u½t°_©Ê¡vªº¥Í©R·N¸q¡B¥Í©R»ù­È¡B¥Í©R´LÄY©M²×·¥ÃöÃh¡A¬O¥H¡u²³¥Í¥­µ¥¡v«ä·Q¬°®Ö¤ß¡A¥H¦¹¬°¶b¤ß¡A¥Ñ¤º¦Ó¥~¡A¥Ñ¤Hªº¡uı¡v©Ê±Òµo´¼¼z¡A¥H¶êıªº¡u´¼¼z¡v¶Ç¾É¡u¥¬¬I¡v¡B¡u«ù§Ù¡v¡B¡u§Ô°d¡v¡B¡uºë¶i¡v©M¡uÁI©w¡vªº¥Í©R¦¨ªø¶i¶¥¡A«h§@¬°¡u¤H¡vªº°ò¥»±ø¥ó¤Î¸Uª«¤§ÆFªº¯«¸t©Ê¡A±f´X¾Ö¦³¦¹¥Í¤£µêªº¹ê¸q¡C

ªÃ¦¹«ä·Q¸q¿Í¡A¤D¥i½T»{¤H¦b¥@¶¡ªºÀ³¬°»P¤£À³¬°ªº³W½d¡A±x¥H¡u²³¥Í¥­µ¥¡v«ä·Q¬°¥XµoÂI¡A¥H¦¹²z©À¨Ó¿Å«×©Ò¦³¨Æª«ªº¥i±ý¬É­­©M¥i¬°·¥­­¡A¤D¥i¥HÀò±o¸û¦X²zªº§P·Ç¡C

½×ªÌ¦b¦¹¡A±j½Õ¤Hªº¦s¦b·N¸q¤£¦b©ó¾Ö¦³¦h¤Ö¥@¬Éª«½è©Êªº¸ê·½©Îºë¯«©ÊªººaÄ£¡A¤Hªº¥DÅé©Ê¤]¤£¬O¥Î¨Ó¶S§í©Î­p¸û¨ä¥L°Êª«»P¤@¤Á¥Íª«¬É¯à¤Oªº±j»P®z¡C¦pªG©v±Ð©Êªº½ü°jÆ[»P·~³ø¦]ªG¬O¥i¥HÀËÃÒªº¹êµM³q«h¡A¨º»ò¡A¤H­Ì´N¤£À³¸Ó§â¥Í©Rªº¥»¦ì©ñ¸m¦b©ºªAªÌ©Î®_¨îªÌªº¦ì¶¥¤W¡A¬°©Ò±ý¬°¡C¦Ó¥²¶·¦bÄÝÆFªºÄ±©Ê¤W¿³°_¡uµL½t¤j·O¡v»P¡u¦PÅé¤j´d¡vªº§Q¼Ö¦³±¡¤§¥¿©À¤W¡C°µ¥X§Q¤v¤S¤£·l®`¸Uª«ªºÁ|±¹¡C¤]´N¬O»¡¡A¤H¬JµM¦ÛàH¬°¸Uª«¤§ÆF¡A´NÀ³¸Ó¦b¤¯©Ê¤W©M´¼¯à¤Wµo´§·ÓÅU¥Íª«¬É¡B±Ð¨|²³¥Í¬Éªº¨}©Ê¥»¯à¡A¬°´£¤É¨ä¥L¥Í©RªºÆF¯à©M¥Í©R¥X¸ô¡A´£¨Ñ­Ý¬Û·R¡B¥æ¬Û§Qªº¤j·R¸ê³¡A¦Ó«D¼±¥é§Cµ¥¦×­¹°Êª«ªº¤f¸¡¤§¼¤¡A¦b¦ü¬O¦Ó«Dªºª¾Ãѳ´¨À¤¤¡A±N¤H©Ê½î½ñ¬°¦ç«a¸VÃ~ªº²§¤Æ½Æ¦XÅé¡C©ú¥G¦¹¡A¡u²³¥Í¥­µ¥¡v´N¬O«Øºc¥Í©R­Û²zªº¥ß¨¬ÂI¡A¦Ó¯À­¹µ¥¦P©ó§Ù±þ¡A§Ù±þµ¥¦P©ó´L­«¥Í©R¡A´L­«¥Í©Rµ¥¦P©ó¦N²»¥­¦w¡A¦Ó¦N²»¥­¦w¤S¥H¯À­¹¬°°_¨B¡A³o¤D¬O¯À­¹¥D¸q³Ì²³æ¦Ó¤S©ö¦æªº¥Í¬¡­õ¾Ç¡C

¤­¡Bµ²»y

´¿ºaÀò¬ü°ê«¢¦ò¤j¾Ç¹{ÃØ¡u¨­¤ßÆF¬ã¨s°^Äm¼ú¡vªº¤@¦æÁI®v¬O´£­Ò¡u¥¿©À­×«ù¡v¡]Mindful Training¡^ªº²{¥N¤ñ¥C¡C¥L¦b¡m§A¥i¥H¤£¥Í®ð¡n¡]¦òªûªº³Ì¨ÎEQ³B¤è¡^³o¥»µÛ§@ªº¡u¥¿©À¤­¾Ç³B¡v½g³¹¸Ì¼g¹D¡G¡u¡y¥¿©À²Ä¤@¾Ç³B¡G´L­«¥Í©R¡z¢w¢w¥Ñ©óÅé»{¨ì´Ý®`¥Í©R©Ò±a¨Óªº·Ð´o»Pµh­W¡A§ÚµoÄ@ªø¾i·O´d¤ß¡A¨Ã¥B¾Ç²ß¦UºØ¤èªk¨Ó«OÅ@¤HÃþ¡B°Êª«¡BÄqª«»P´Óª«¡C¦b¥Í¬¡¤¤¡A§Úµ´¤£°_±þ¥Íªº©ÀÀY¡A¤]µ´¤£±þ¥Í¡A¤£Åý§O¤H±þ¥Í¡A§ó¤£ªþ©M¥@¬É¤W¥ô¦ó±þ¥Íªº¦æ¬°¡C¡v[33]

ªø¤[¥H¨Ó¡A½×ªÌ¤j¦hÃh©ê¡u´L­«¥Í©R¡vªººA«×¨Ó¹ê½î¯À­¹¥D¸qªº¥Í¬¡­õ¾Ç¡C½×ªÌ«w»{¯À­¹ªº­º­n°Ê¾÷¬O¤£±þ¥Í¡A¦Ó«D¦n¦Y»P§_©ÎÀç¾i»P§_¡A¦]¬°­h±þ°Êª«¬O¤£¹D¼wªº¦æ¬°¡A­¹¥Î°Êª«ªº«ÍÅé¬O¤£½Ã¥Íªº·M¦æ¡A¦ÓÁʶR³Q©ë©ãªº°Êª«ÂßÅé¡A¶i¦Ó¤©¥H²i­¹©Î¤À­¹¡AµL²§¬O±þ¥ÍªÌªº¦@¥Ç¡C·Ç¦¹«H©À¦Ó¬°¡A½×ªÌ¦b¯À­¹·³¤ë¤¤Áö­n©Ó¨ü¹L³\¦h¼J¿Ø¡B­â°d¡B®£À~¡A¤D¦Ü­¢®`¡A«o¯à¤@©¹ª½«e¡A¥Ì¤§¦p¹~¡C

¨­¬°²{¥NªÀ·|ªº¤å©ú¤H¡AÅ¥»D¯À­¹ªº§Q¯q¡AÁ@¨£¸gÀٰʪ«³Q¸æ¾i¤Î±O±þªº¹Lµ{·¥ºÝ´Ý§Ô¡A¤]ÁA¸Ñ¦×­¹¹L¦h·|¤ÞµoÀù¯g¡A§ó¯àÃÒª¾¯bªª¾i´Þ¹ï¦ÛµM¥ÍºAªº¯}Ãa´cªG¡A«o¤´µM¡uµø¦º¦pÂk¡v¡AÃjµM©¿µø¦¹¤@§ñÃö¤@¤v¥Í©R«e³~¡]¤£¶È¬O¤µ¥Í­n¥I¥X¥N»ù¡AÁÙ¥]§t¨Ó¥@¶·Àv¥I¦å¶Å¡^ªº©RÃD¡A¨s¨ä­ì©e¡A¤£¥~¥G¤»ÂI¦]¯À¡G¨ä¤@¡B¬O¶¼­¹²ßºDªº¤f¸¡¤§¼¤¥O¨ä³g°ýÃø­@¡A¨ä¤G¡B¬O¯Ê¥F°í©w·N§Óªº§ÜÀ£¼Ý¤O¡A¨ä¤T¡B¬O¤í¯Ê¥Í¬¡¤Þ¾Éªºµ½¤Í¨}®v¡A¨ä¥|¡B¬O¥Í¬¡Àô¹Ò¨S¦³¯À­¹±ø¥ó¡A¨ä¤­¡B¬O¥»¨­¤ß²z»Ùê¡A¨ä¤»¡B¬O¨ü¨ì¿ù»~¸ê°Tªº»~¾É¡C¤W­z´XÂI¥Í©R­t¼Æ¹ê¥H²Ä¤G¶µ©~©óÃöÁä¦]¯À¡A¨äÂǤf¤D¬O¡uÀô¹Ò¤£¤è«K¡v¡I

¥H½×ªÌ¯À­¹°_¨BªºÀô¹Ò­I´ºÆ[¤§¡A¯À­¹¹ï½×ªÌ²ª½¬O²§·Q¤Ñ¶}ªº¹Ú·Q¡C¤G¤Q¥@¬ö¤C¡³¦~¥N«e¡A¥xÆWªº¯À­¹­·®ð©|¦bµÞªÞ¶¥¬q¡A½×ªÌ·í¦~¥H¤@¤¶Â¾·~­x¤Hªº¨­¥÷¡A¦b°ò¼h³¡¶¤¯ø¯À¡A¨äµ~­¢¹Òªpµ´«D¥Ø«e»´©ö¨ú±o¯À­¹¬Ã󯪺Àu¶VÀô¹Ò¥i¤ñ¡C

½×ªÌ¦b·¥¬°´c¦Hªº±ø¥ó¤U¡A¬°¤@¤vªº¥Í©R«H¥õ°µ¨£ÃÒ¡A´¿¸g¥´¯}³\¦h¯À­¹ªÌªº¬ö¿ý¡G1.¥Á°ê68¦~¦Ü69¦~¡A¨C¤Ñ¦­±ß¤@¦¸²v¶¤¹ê¬I¤­¤d¤½¤Øªø¶]¤Î¤­¶µ¾Ô§Þ¾Þ½m¡Aºë¯«»PÅé¯à§ó³Ó©¹©õ¡C2.¥Á°ê70¦~¾á¥ô®v¹ï§Üºt²ßªº³s¶¤µô§P©x¡A¤@¶g¤§¤º±q·s¦Ë©¹ªð¹Å¸q®{¨B¦æ­x©Î©bŧ¡A¤é­¹¤TÀ\ªº«K·í¬O¥Õ¶º¡]«K·í¤W¼hªº¦×­¹ÁÙ¦^³s³¡¡^¡A¨­¤ßª¬ºA¨ÌµMÁB°·¡C3.¥Á°ê69¦~¦Ü70¦~¾á¥ô¾Ë§L°V½m¤¤¤ßÀ绲¾Éªø´Á¶¡¡A·ÓÀ³¥þÅé¯ø¯À©x§L¤T¤Q¾l¤H¡A¾D¨ü´£³ø¦CºÞ¡A¤´Âí©w®õµM¡C4.¥Á°ê70¦~¨ì71¦~¦b¾Ë§L¥q¥O³¡¾á¥ô°Ñ¿Ñ¡A¾D¦w¥þ¥DºÞ«ÂÀ~¦Ó¤£°hÁY¡C5.¥Á°ê71¦~¦Ü73¦~¦b¾Ë§L¾Ç®Õ¾á¥ô±Ð¾¡A«P¶i±Ð¾­û¯ø¯ÀªÌ¦h¹F¼Æ¤Q¤H¡C6.¥Á°ê73¦~ºaÀò¤åÃÀª÷¹³¼ú¡Bª÷²ü¼úµ¥¤åÃÀ¼ú¶µ¤­®y¡AÃÒ©ú¯À­¹ªº¤åÃÀ¼g§@ªÌ´¼¤O¤£§C¡C7.¥Á°ê73¦~¦Ü84¦~¦b°ê¨¾¤j¾Ç¥ô±Ð¡]«e¤T­x¤j¾Ç¡^´Á¶¡¡A¥Ñ¤@¤H¯ø¯À±À¼s¯À­¹¦Ü¨C¤Ñ¥Ñ®Õ¤è¨ÑÀ³150¤H¥÷ªº©x§L¾Ç­û¯À­¹¡A¨¬ÃÒ¯À­¹«D¤£¥i¤]¡A¤£¬°¤]¡C8.¥Á°ê90¦~¨ì94¦~¦b¸U¯à¬ì§Þ¤j¾Ç±À¼s¯À­¹¨´¤µ¡A®Õ¤è¤w¦¨¥ß°·±d¯À­¹À\¶¼³¡¡A´µ¤å¾i¥Í¦³¤]¡C

½×ªÌ»{¬°¡A¯À­¹ªº²z½×¤w¨¬°÷ÃÒ©ú¨äÀ³µM©Ê©Î¥i¦æ©Ê¡A±©­Y¤£¸¨¹ê¦b¥Í¬¡¤gÄ[¤º¡A«h¤@¤Á¤å¹¢¬ÒÄÝ®{µM¡C¦Ó¤H¦b¦t©z¤j¬y¤¤ªº¥DÅé©Ê°ß¦³Âǵۿ˵ý¹ê½î¡A¤~¦³¥i¯àÀÙ¸Uª«©ó²³¥Í¥­µ¥ªº°M®u¤§¤W¡C

 

 

 

°Ñ¦Ò®Ñ¥Ø

1.          §õÄRµØ½s¡A¡m¹Ø±d¤§¹D¡n¡A·s¦Ë¡GµL¶q¹Ø¥Xª©ªÀ¡A¥Á°ê72¦~11¤ë¡C

2.          Óû½U®p¡A¡m¥Íª«Âå¾Ç¯«®Ä¡n¡Aªìª©¡A¥x¥_¡GªF§d¤j¾Ç¶Q¶§µó«°°Ï³¡·s¤j¼Ó¤G¥|¢¯¤»«Ç¡A¥Á°ê73¦~3¤ë¡C

3.          Bill Dervl and George Session, ¡§Deep Ecology¡¨, Gibbs Smith, Int, 1985¡C

4.          Àj°ê´É¡A¡m¾i¥Í¯q¹Ø¶¼­¹ªk¡n¡A¥x«n¡Gºî¦X¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1988¦~10¤ë¡C

5.          ®}¿Ñ©÷¡A¡m¥ÍºA¾Ç­õ¾Ç¡n¡A¶³«n:¶³«n¤H¥Á¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1991¦~¡C

6.          ÄÀ¬L¼z¡A¡m¦ò±Ð­Û²z¾Ç¡n¡Aªìª©¢±¨ê¡A¥x¥_¡Gªk¬É¥Xª©ªÀ¦³­­¤½¥q¡A¥Á°ê84¦~12¤ë¡C

7.          Peter SingerµÛ¡A©s²»´Ë¡C¿ú¥Ã²»Ä¶¡A¡m°Êª«¸Ñ©ñ¡n¡Aªìª©2¨ê¡A¥x¥_¡GÃöÃh¥Í©R¨ó·|¡A¥Á°ê85¦~9¤ë¡C

8.          ¡q­^¡rªü¿Õº¸¼w.J.´ö®¦¤ñ¡]Arnold.J.Toynbee¡^¡A¡q¤é¡r¦À¥Ð¤j§@­ìµÛ¡A¡m®i±æ¤G¤Q¤@¥@¬ö¢w¢w´ö®¦¤ñ»P¦À¥Ð¤j§@¹ï½Í¶°¡n¡Aªìª©¡A¥x¥_¡G¥¿¦]¤å¤Æ¨Æ·~¦³­­¤½¥q¡A¥Á°ê88¦~2¤ë15¤é¡C

9.          Ingred Newkirk­ìµÛ¡A©sªFÆXĶ¡A¡m§A¤]°µ±o¨ì¢w¢w«OÅ@°Êª«101¡n¡]Save The Animal Easy Thing You Can Do¡^¡Aªìª©¤@¨ê¡A¥x¥_¡GÃöÃh¥Í©R¨ó·|¡A¥Á°ê87¦~2¤ë¡C

10.      ¬f¯Ç¼w・³Ç´Ë¡]Bernard Jensen¡^µÛ¡A±i®Ñ¤ZĶ¡A¡m¦ÛµM­¹ª«Àøªk¡n¡Aªìª©3¨ê¡A¥x¥_¡G¥@¼é¥Xª©¤½¥q¡A1998¦~6¤ë¡C

11.      Simon & Schuster Inc¡A¡m§Ü¦Ñ¤Æ¸t¨å¡n¡]¡mEarl Mindell¡¦s Antiaging-Bible¡n¡^¡A¼B©¯¬ÃĶ¡A¥x¥_¡G²ÃÃÃ¥Xª©¹Ï®Ñ¦³­­¤½¥q¡A¥Á°ê88¦~1¤ë23¤é¡C

12.      ³¯ÂE²M¡A¡m¥Í¦sªº¼~±w¢w¢w¤HÃþªº¥»¯à©M»~°Ï¡n¡A²Ä1ª©²Ä1¦¸¦L¨ê¡A¥_¨Ê¡G¤¤°ê°ê»Ú¼s¼½¥Xª©ªÀ¡C2000¦~1¤ë¡C

13.      ¶À´ÂµÓ¥D½s¡A¡m¦Y±o°·±d¤£±oÀù¡n¡Aªìª©¡A¥x¥_¡A±I¤Ñ¤å¤Æ¨Æ·~¦³­­¤½¥q¡A2000¦~6¤ë¡C

14.      ªLÀ§¡A¡mÀô¹Ò­õ¾Ç·§½×¡n¡A²Ä1ª©²Ä1¦¸¦L¨ê¡A¥_¨Ê:¤¤°êªk¬F¤j¾Ç¥Xª©ªÀ¡A2000¦~10¤ë¡C

15.      ¼Ú¶§­^¡A¡m¼Ú¶§­^¥Í¾÷¶¼­¹50°Ý¡n¡A²Ä¤@ª©²Ä5¦¸¦L¦æ¡A¥x¥_¡G¤Ñ¤U»·¨£¥Xª©ªÀªÑ¥÷¦³­­¤½¥q¡A2001¦~12¤ë31¤é¡C

16.      ¹ùùؤ¸¡A¡m°Êª«ºÖ§Q»P§A¡n¡Aªìª©¤Q¨ê¡A¥x¥_¡GÃöÃh¥Í©R¨ó·|¡A¥Á°ê90¦~11¤ë¡C

17.      ³¯²Q©y¡AÁ¬ü§g½sµÛ¡A¡m¶¼­¹­²©R¡n¡A2ª©1¨ê¡A¥x¥_¡G®Ñ¬u¥Xª©ªÀ¡A2002¦~8¤ë¡C

18.      ¼B´ðµX¡A¡m¥Í¾÷¶¼­¹¦Y¥X§K¬Ì¤O¡n¡Aªìª©¡A¥x¥_¡A®çªá·½¾i¥Í®Ñ©Ð¡A2003¦~1¤ë¡C

19.      ¤@¦æÁI®v¡]Thich Nhat Hanh¡^¡A´åªY·OĶ¡A¡m§A¥i¥H¤£¥Í®ð¡n¡Aªìª©7¨ê¡A¥x¥_¡G«°¨¹¤å¤Æ¨Æ·~ªÑ¥÷¦³­­¤½¥q¡A2003¦~5¤ë¡C

20.      ¶ÀÅb¸s½sµÛ¡A¡m«O°·­¹«~»P¤ÑµMÃįó¸ê°T¤â¥U¡n¡Aªìª©¤G¨ê¡]­×­qª©¡^¡C¥x¥_¡G¦X°O¹Ï®Ñ¥Xª©ªÀ¡A2004¦~1¤ë10¤é¡C

21.      ¤¤嶋¬v¤l¡A»Z­ì¸t¥iºÊ­×¡AªLºÑ²MĶ¡Aù·Ø¯Õ¥D½s¡A¡mÀç¾i¯À¥þ®Ñ¡n¡Aªìª©2¨ê¡A¥x¥_¡G¥@­Z¥Xª©ªÀ¡A2004¦~7¤ë¡C

22.      ¼B©öÂN¡A¡q¥Í©RºÞ²z¾Çªº¼ç©Ê¸g½n:¡u²³¥Í¥­µ¥¡v»¡¢w¢w²³¥Í¥­µ¥«ä·Qªº³qÃÑ·N²[¡r¡A°ª¶¯:¸q¦u¤j¾Ç¡u2005µØ¤å¦a°Ï¤j¾Ç³qÃѱШ|°ê»Ú¾Ç³N¬ã°Q·|¡v½×¤å¡C

23.      ¼B´ÂøÊ¡A¡q°Êª«¥Î§Ü¥Í¯ÀºÞ²z­±­±Æ[¡r¡A¥x¥_¡G¥Á¥Í³ø¡A¥Á°ê94¦~4¤ë13¤é¡AC8±MÃD³ø¾Éª©¡C

 

 


¡@

*  ¸U¯à¬ì§Þ¤j¾Ç³qÃѱШ|¤¤¤ß±Ð±Â­Ý¾Ç°Èªø¡C

[1]  ³¯²Q©y¡AÁ¬ü§g½sµÛ¡A¡m¶¼­¹­²©R¡n¡A2ª©1¨ê¡A¥x¥_¡G®Ñ¬u¥Xª©ªÀ¡A2002¦~8¤ë¡A­¶68¡C

[2]  Óû½U®p¡A¡m¥Íª«Âå¾Ç¯«®Ä¡n¡Aªìª©¡A¥x¥_¡GªF§d¤j¾Ç¶Q¶§µó«°°Ï³¡·s¤j¼Ó¤G¥|¡³¤»«Ç¡A¥Á°ê73¦~3¤ë¡A­¶28¡C

[3]  ¦P¤W¡A­¶29¡C

[4]  ¦P¤W¡A­¶178¡C

[5]  ¦P¤W¡A­¶274¡C

[6]  Àj°ê´É¡A¡m¾i¥Í¯q¹Ø¶¼­¹ªk¡n¡A¥x«n¡Gºî¦X¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1988¦~10¤ë¡A­¶151¡C

[7]  ¶ÀÅb¸s½sµÛ¡A¡m«O°·­¹«~»P¤ÑµMÃįó¸ê°T¤â¥U¡n¡Aªìª©¤G¨ê¡]­×­qª©¡^¡C¥x¥_¡G¦X°O¹Ï®Ñ¥Xª©ªÀ¡A2004¦~1¤ë10¤é¡A­¶34¡C

[8]  §õÄRµØ½s¡A¡m¹Ø±d¤§¹D¡n¡A·s¦Ë¡GµL¶q¹Ø¥Xª©ªÀ¡A¥Á°ê72¦~11¤ë¡A­¶29¡C

[9]  ¦P¤W¡A­¶30-31¡C

[10] ¼B´ÂøÊ¡A¡q°Êª«¥Î§Ü¥Í¯ÀºÞ²z­±­±Æ[¡r¡A¥x¥_¡G¥Á¥Í³ø¡A¥Á°ê94¦~4¤ë13¤é¡AC8±MÃD³ø¾Éª©¡C

[11] ¦P¤W¡C

[12]  ¼Ú¶§­^¡A¡m¼Ú¶§­^¥Í¾÷¶¼­¹50°Ý¡n¡A²Ä¤@ª©²Ä5¦¸¦L¦æ¡A¥x¥_¡G¤Ñ¤U»·¨£¥Xª©ªÀªÑ¥÷¦³­­¤½¥q¡A2001¦~12¤ë31¤é¡A­¶1-2¡C

[13]  1950¦~¥H«e¡AÂå¾Ç¬É´N¤w¸gµo²{³J¥Õ½è¡BºÒ¤ô¤Æ¦Xª«¡B¯×ªÕ¡Bºû¥L©R¡BÄqª«½è³o¤­¤jÀç¾i¯À¡A¨ì¤F1971¦~¡B­^°êÂå®v¤Ú°ò¯S´£¥X¡u­¹ª«ÅÖºûÄá¨ú¶q´î¤Ö·|´£°ª¤j¸zÀù¿©±w²v¡vªºÆ[ÂI¡A©ó¬O½T¥ß¤FºÙ¬°²Ä¤»Àç¾i¯Àªº­¹ª«ÅÖºûªº·§©À¡C¢w¢wºK¦Û¤¤¬v¤l¡A»Z­ì¸t¥iºÊ­×¡AªLºÑ²MĶ¡Aù·Ø¯Õ¥D½s¡A¡mÀç¾i¯À¥þ®Ñ¡n¡Aªìª©2¨ê¡A¥x¥_¡G¥@­Z¥Xª©ªÀ¡A2004¦~7¤ë¡A­¶160¡C

[14]  ¦Pµù11¡A­¶10¡C

[15]  ¼B´ðµX¡A¡m¥Í¾÷¶¼­¹¦Y¥X§K¬Ì¤O¡n¡Aªìª©¡A¥x¥_¡A®çªá·½¾i¥Í®Ñ©Ð¡A2003¦~1¤ë¡A­¶20¡C

[16] ¡q­^¡rªü¿Õº¸¼w.J.´ö®¦¤ñ(Arnold.J.Toynbee)¡A¡q¤é¡r¦À¥Ð¤j§@­ìµÛ¡A¡m®i±æ¤G¤Q¤@¥@¬ö¢w¢w´ö®¦¤ñ»P¦À¥Ð¤j§@¹ï½Í¶°¡n¡Aªìª©¡A¥x¥_¡G¥¿¦]¤å¤Æ¨Æ·~¦³­­¤½¥q¡A¥Á°ê88¦~2¤ë15¤é¡A­¶37¡C

[17]  ¦P¤W¡A­¶37-39¡C

[18]  ¦P¤W¡A­¶39-40¡C

[19]  ¦P¤W¡A­¶40-41¡C

[20]  ¦P¤W¡A­¶43-44¡C

[21]  ¦P¤W¡A­¶45-46¡C

[22]  ¦P¤W¡A­¶46¡C

[23]  ¦P¤W¡A­¶47¡C

[24]  ®}¿Ñ©÷¡A¡m¥ÍºA¾Ç­õ¾Ç¡n¡A¶³«n¡G¶³«n¤H¥Á¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1991¦~¡A­¶12¡C

[25]  ªLÀ§¡A¡mÀô¹Ò­õ¾Ç·§½×¡n¡A²Ä1ª©²Ä1¦¸¦L¨ê¡A¥_¨Ê¡G¤¤°êªk¬F¤j¾Ç¥Xª©ªÀ¡A2000¦~10¤ë¡A­¶45¡C

[26]  ¦P¤W¡A­¶46¡C

[27]  Ingred Newkirk­ìµÛ¡A©sªFÆXĶ¡A¡m§A¤]°µ±o¨ì¢w¢w«OÅ@°Êª«101¡n¡]Save The Animal Easy Thing You Can Do¡^¡Aªìª©¤@¨ê¡A¥x¥_¡GÃöÃh¥Í©R¨ó·|¡A¥Á°ê87¦~2¤ë¡A­¶41-5¡C

[28]  ¦P¤W¡A­¶41-6¡C

[29]  Lynn white¡A¡§The Historical Root of Our Ecologic Crisis¡A¡¨P.106¡C

[30]  Bill Devl and George Session¡A¡§Deep Ecology¡¨¡AGibbs Smith, Int.1985, PP.65-66¡C

[31]  ¼B©öÂN¡A¡m¥Í©RºÞ²z¾Çªº¼ç©Ê¸g½n:¡u²³¥Í¥­µ¥¡v»¡¢w²³¥Í¥­µ¥«ä·Qªº³qÃÑ·N²[¡n¡A°ª¶¯:¸q¦u¤j¾Ç¡u2005µØ¤å¦a°Ï¤j¾Ç³qÃѱШ|°ê»Ú¾Ç³N¬ã°Q·|¡v½×¤å¡A­¶16¡C

[32]  ÄÀ¬L¼z¡A¡m¦ò±Ð­Û²z¾Ç¡n¡Aªìª©2¨ê¡A¥x¥_¡Gªk¬É¥Xª©ªÀ¦³­­¤½¥q¡A¥Á°ê84¦~12¤ë¡A­¶76-77¡C

[33]  ¤@¦æÁI®v¡]Thich Nhat Hanh¡^¡A´åªY·OĶ¡A¡m§A¥i¥H¤£¥Í®ð¡n¡Aªìª©7¨ê¡A¥x¥_¡G«°¨¹¤å¤Æ¨Æ·~ªÑ¥÷¦³­­¤½¥q¡A2003¦~5¤ë¡A­¶207¡C

¡@